Organic Chemistry

Study of carbon-containing compounds and their reactions.

Advanced Topics

Stereochemistry: 3D Shapes of Molecules

Why Does Shape Matter?

The 3D arrangement of atoms in molecules affects their behavior, taste, and even medical effects! Stereochemistry is the study of these spatial arrangements.

Types of Stereoisomers

  • Enantiomers: Mirror images that can't be superimposed, like left and right hands.
  • Diastereomers: Stereoisomers that aren’t mirror images.

Chirality

A molecule is chiral if it has a non-superimposable mirror image, often due to a carbon with four different groups attached (a chiral center).

Why Stereochemistry Matters

Some drugs work only in one form—one enantiomer of thalidomide is safe, the other is harmful.

Real World Connections

Flavors and scents often depend on stereochemistry—one form of carvone smells like spearmint, another like caraway!

Examples

  • Limonene’s two enantiomers smell like oranges or lemons.

  • Ibuprofen is sold as a mixture, but only one enantiomer is effective.

In a Nutshell

3D structure and handedness of molecules can change their properties dramatically.

Key Terms

Chirality
A property of a molecule that makes it non-superimposable on its mirror image.
Enantiomer
One of two mirror-image forms of a chiral molecule.