Meet the Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that determine how those molecules behave. Each group gives compounds unique chemical properties and names.

• Hydroxyl (\(-OH\)): Alcohols
• Carbonyl (\(C=O\)): Aldehydes and ketones
• Carboxyl (\(-COOH\)): Carboxylic acids
• Amino (\(-NH_2\)): Amines
• Halides (\(-Cl, -Br, -I\)): Alkyl halides

Naming Organic Compounds

Organic nomenclature follows rules set by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). The name tells you the number of carbons, bonds, and functional groups.

• Prefix: Number of carbons (meth-, eth-, prop-, etc.)
• Root Name: Type of carbon chain
• Suffix: Main functional group (e.g., -ol for alcohols, -al for aldehydes)

Why Names Matter

Systematic naming prevents confusion and helps chemists communicate about molecules worldwide.

Real World Connections

Functionality explains why vinegar (acetic acid) is sour and why aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) relieves pain.