European History

An exploration of significant events, movements, and figures that have shaped Europe from ancient times to the present.

Basic Concepts

The Middle Ages and the Rise of Kingdoms

Castles, Knights, and Cathedrals

After Rome’s fall, Europe entered the Middle Ages—a time of feudalism, castles, and chivalry. Kingdoms like France, England, and the Holy Roman Empire took shape.

Feudal Life

Society was organized by a strict hierarchy: kings, nobles, knights, and peasants. Most people lived on manors and worked the land.

The Church’s Power

The Catholic Church became the most powerful institution, influencing every part of life, from education to politics.

Notable Changes

The era also saw the spread of Christianity, the building of cathedrals, and the first universities.

Why It Matters

These structures and systems paved the way for modern nations and ideas about law, education, and society.

Examples

  • Gothic cathedrals like Notre-Dame in Paris still inspire awe.

  • The Magna Carta in England, signed in 1215, limited the king’s power and set early ideas about rights.

In a Nutshell

The Middle Ages shaped Europe’s kingdoms, social structures, and religious traditions.