MCAT Biology

A comprehensive introduction to key biological concepts tested on the MCAT, focusing on cellular processes, genetics, and the integration of biological systems.

Advanced Topics

Integration of Biological Systems

Teamwork Makes the Dream Work

The human body is made up of many systems (like nervous, endocrine, immune), all working together to keep you alive and healthy.

How Systems Communicate

  • Nervous system: Uses electrical signals (nerve impulses) for quick responses.
  • Endocrine system: Uses hormones for slower, longer-lasting effects.
  • Immune system: Defends against disease, often coordinating with other systems.

Examples of Integration

  • Fight-or-Flight Response: When you're scared, your nervous system triggers your adrenal glands (endocrine) to release adrenaline, increasing heart rate and alertness.
  • Homeostasis: Systems work together to maintain internal balance (like body temperature or blood sugar).

Clinical Connections

Doctors need to understand how systems interact—for example, how diabetes (endocrine disorder) can affect the heart (circulatory system).

Examples

  • During infection, the immune system signals the brain to produce a fever.

  • Hormones from the pancreas regulate blood sugar, impacting energy for muscles.

In a Nutshell

Biological systems interact constantly, coordinating to maintain health and respond to challenges.