What Makes Up Earth?

Earth is a complex planet with many interacting systems. Scientists divide these systems into four main parts: the geosphere (rocks and land), hydrosphere (water), atmosphere (air), and biosphere (life). Each system works together to create the environment we live in.

The Four Main Systems

• Geosphere: The solid part of Earth, including rocks, minerals, and the ground beneath our feet.
• Hydrosphere: All the water on Earth—oceans, lakes, rivers, and even underground.
• Atmosphere: The layer of gases that surrounds Earth, protecting us and giving us air to breathe.
• Biosphere: All living things—plants, animals, and even tiny bacteria.

How They Interact

These systems are always interacting. Rain (hydrosphere) shapes mountains (geosphere), plants (biosphere) take in carbon dioxide from the air (atmosphere), and so on.

Why Study Earth's Systems?

Understanding these systems helps us predict weather, find natural resources, and protect our planet.