College Chemistry

An in-depth exploration of the principles, theories, and applications of chemistry at the college level.

Atomic Structure and PeriodicityChemical Bonding and Molecular StructureStoichiometry and Chemical Reactions
Thermodynamics and Chemical EquilibriumKinetics and Reaction MechanismsAcids, Bases, and Electrochemistry
Chemistry in MedicineEnvironmental and Green ChemistryFood Chemistry and Nutrition
Breaking Down Complex ProblemsMnemonic Devices and Visualization
Atomic Structure and...Chemical Bonding and...Stoichiometry and Ch...Thermodynamics and C...Kinetics and Reactio...Acids, Bases, and El...Chemistry in Medicin...Environmental and Gr...Food Chemistry and N...Breaking Down Comple...Mnemonic Devices and...
Basic Concepts

Stoichiometry and Chemical Reactions

Measuring and Predicting Chemical Changes

Stoichiometry is the calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions, based on the law of conservation of mass.

Balancing Equations

Every chemical reaction must have the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation.

  • \( \text{CH}_4 + 2\text{O}_2 \rightarrow \text{CO}_2 + 2\text{H}_2\text{O} \)

Mole Concept

The mole is a counting unit (\(6.022 \times 10^{23}\) particles) used to relate masses and numbers of atoms/molecules.

Types of Reactions

  • Synthesis: Combining substances.
  • Decomposition: Breaking down compounds.
  • Single/Double Displacement: Atoms exchange places.
  • Combustion: Substance reacts with oxygen.

Practical Use

  • Used in recipes (chemical equations) to ensure ingredients react in correct ratios.
  • Crucial in industries to minimize waste and maximize product yield.

Examples

  • Calculating how much hydrogen gas is produced from the reaction of zinc and hydrochloric acid.

  • Determining the mass of carbon dioxide released from burning methane.

In a Nutshell

Stoichiometry lets us calculate how much reactant is needed or product is formed in a chemical reaction.

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Thermodynamics and Chemical Equilibrium