AP Physics 1

Advanced Placement Physics 1 covers the fundamentals of mechanics, waves, and electricity in preparation for college-level physics.

Basic Concepts

Energy and Work

Powering the Universe

Energy makes things happen, and work is how energy gets transferred. In physics, energy is never lost—just converted.

Types of Energy

  • Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion (\( KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 \))
  • Potential Energy: Stored energy due to position (\( PE = mgh \) for gravity)

Doing Work

Work is done when a force moves an object: \[ W = Fd\cos(\theta) \] where \( \theta \) is the angle between force and movement.

Conservation of Energy

The total energy in a closed system stays the same! Energy can change forms—potential to kinetic, chemical to electrical—but it never disappears.

Why It Matters

Understanding energy helps us design efficient machines, play sports better, and even stay safe.

Key Formula

\[W = Fd\cos(\theta)\]

Examples

  • Lifting a backpack increases its gravitational potential energy.

  • A roller coaster at the top of a hill has potential energy that turns into kinetic energy as it speeds down.

In a Nutshell

Energy is the ability to do work, and work is how we transfer or transform energy.

Key Terms

Kinetic Energy
Energy possessed by a moving object.
Potential Energy
Stored energy based on position or configuration.
Work
The process of transferring energy by applying a force over a distance.