The Mongol invasion

The death of Wu Zeitan in 705 CE

The Maoist Cultural Revolution

The Opium Wars

The seizure of the Tibetan state

Women flooded to fill manufacturing jobs left open by men who were drafted, establishing a large female workforce

Women were readily offered military positions, joining the ranks in numbers that nearly equaled men

Women were forced to dress and act more conservatively by austerity measures brought on by the war

Women were less likely to marry after the war, instead pursuing higher education in larger numbers

Emboldened by national pride, women began to vote in record numbers, ushering in a progressive revolution

Marriage was based less on transferring wealth and property and more often based on love

Marriage was based less on love and more often based on transferring wealth and property

Women were given more positions in the clergy, making marriage less central to religious life

Women lost their long-held access to education, forcing them to rely on marriage for economic stability

Men were encouraged to take many spouses, leading to an increase in polygamous marriages

None of these

Roman Empire

Han China

Mauryan Empire in India

The Roman Empire

The medieval Islamic Empire

The Han Dynasty

The Spanish Empire

The Aztec Empire

Women were generally less powerful than men, but had many rights not seen elsewhere - such as the right to own property

Women were more disempowered than they were in any other contemporary society

Women were the full societal equals of men; they were allowed to own property and hold elected office

Mesopotamia was a matriarchal society; women held more power than did men

Hopi tribes in western North America

The Mughal Empire

The mediaeval English Monarchy

The Han Dynasty

Zulu tribes in sub-Saharan Africa