Which two cities are considered the birthplaces of Islam and were pivotal in the life of the prophet Muhammad?

The Rashidun (or "rightly guided") caliphs included all of the following EXCEPT ________________.

In 622, Muhammad and his followers migrated from ________________ to ________________ for his safety. This journey is now referred to as the "Hijrah".

The five "pillars" of the Islamic faith include all of the following EXCEPT ______________.

Where was the capital of the Abbassid Caliphate (750-1258, 1261-1517), the third Islamic Caliphate established after the death of Muhammad?

What denomination of Islam is the largest, comprising approximately 75%-90% of all Muslims?

Where was the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750), the second Islamic Caliphate established after the death of Muhammad?

When does the Muslim calendar begin?

The Muslim prophet, Muhammad, first belonged to the ___________________, a merchant tribe in Mecca.