Topology

Study of geometric properties preserved under continuous deformations.

Advanced Topics

Manifolds and Higher Dimensions

Manifolds: Surfaces in Any Dimension

A manifold is a space that, near each point, looks like regular flat space (like a line or a plane), but can be curved or twisted on a larger scale.

Famous Manifolds

  • The circle (1-dimensional manifold)
  • The sphere (2-dimensional manifold)
  • The torus (donut shape, 2D surface in 3D space)

Manifolds can exist in any number of dimensions—even ones we can't visualize!

Why Manifolds Matter

Manifolds are the playground for much of modern mathematics and physics, from black holes in general relativity to the shapes of molecules.


Examples

  • The surface of the Earth is a 2D manifold (a sphere).

  • The path traced by a gymnast's ribbon in space forms a 1D manifold.

In a Nutshell

Manifolds are spaces that look locally flat but can have amazing global shapes.