Example and Category - SSAT Upper Level Verbal

Since a dalmatian is a type of dog, we're looking for an answer where the second word is a specific variety of the first word. While "sandwich is to bread" may initially look like a decent answer choice because the two words are closely related, bread is a constituent element of a sandwich, not a specific kind of sandwich, so it is not the correct answer. "Cheese is to cheddar," on the other hand, retains the same relationship as "dog is to dalmatian," because cheddar is a type of cheese, just like dalmatian is a type of dog. So, "cheese is to cheddar" is the correct answer.

Since calligraphy is decorative handwriting, it is nearly a synonym of "handwriting." So, we need to pick out an answer choice of which "cuisine" is a near synonym. Since "cuisine" means food cooked in a specific way, often relating to a specific country or culture, "food" is the best answer.

In the same way that a parade is a type of celebration, a play is a type of performance.

Theft is a form of crime; similarly, procrastination (putting things off) is a form of laziness.

One form of "money" is a "coin"; similarly, one form of "clothing" is a "jacket."

Kindness is an example of a virtue. A virtue is a morally positive attribute which is opposite in definition to a vice. To solve this analogy you must identify which of the answer choices is an example of a vice. The only morally negative attribute is “selfishness” so this is the correct answer. For clarification serendipity means the accidental discovery of something fortunate; verbosity describes long-winded speech or writing.

An "altercation" is a form of negative, or hostile, conversation, so to solve this analogy you have to determine which answer choice relates to "tirade" in the same manner. "Tirade" means long and angry speech, so the correct answer is “speech.”

Pain is a type of sensation; sensation being something experienced through the senses. So to solve this analogy you have to determine which answer choice fear is experienced through. This should lead you to the correct answer “emotion.” For clarification, "dismissal" means removal or decision not to consider; "superstition" refers to an irrational belief based on faith in the supernatural.

Someone who is epicurean is devoted to sensual pleasure, particularly the consumption of food. This is a type of hedonistic behavior. Hedonism is a school of thought directed towards the primacy of the pursuit of pleasure. So to solve this analogy you have to determine which of these answer choices matches with abstemious behavior. Abstemious means moderate and characterized by the denial of excessive food and alcohol consumption. This is a form of “asceticism” which is a type of behavior that focuses on self-denial of luxury. For clarification, "austerity" means severe, antiquated and plain; "apoplexy" means a fit of anger; "asinine" is something ridiculous or pointless.

While very simple seeming, this analogy does link the terms, namely by a member-to-class relationship. As stools are types of furniture, so are hammers types of tools. The other options among the answers are related to hammers—what they do, who uses them, of in other ways; however, none of the other options relates to “hammer” as a general class as “furniture” does to “stool.”

A biologist is a type of scientist, so our bridge sentence could be written, “As a biologist is a type of scientist, so a senator is at type of X.” While a senator might be an elected official, the word “elected” is not a class but an adjective to describe a person or institution. Likewise, "political," "representing," and even "duplicitous" all are adjectives, but none are a general class like “politician.” Though it seems simple, this is the best answer, for it describes the same “member of a class” relationship as does the relationship between biologist and scientist.

A telegram is an antiquated mode of communication, using some mechanism of signal that would be translated into a written message to be delivered. The general relationship for this analogy is a specific type to a general class. You could make the bridge sentence, “As a telegram is a type of communication, so is a carriage a type of X.” Although all of the options bear some relationship to carriages, the only one that is a general class is “vehicle.” Even the option “train,” would at best be a whole of which a single carriage would be a part. This is not the same as a “member to a class” relationship.

Although “coin” might at first glance appear to be synonymous with “money,” it is better described as being a type of money. Coins can be created for a number of reasons—commemorations, decoration, etc.—and money can come in many forms—paper, coins, electronic forms, checks, etc. The bridge sentence for the analogy could thus be expressed as, “As coins are a type of money, so are letters a type of X.” While several options might be tempting, “document” is the closest thing to a class into which letters can be assigned. Letters are written on paper, perhaps by calligraphers, but they are neither types of paper nor types of calligraphers.

In its original usage, the word “manuscript” indicated a type of text written by hand. (The “manu-” portion is related to the word “manual,” which means related to the use of hands—think of “manual labor.” The “-script” portion is related not only to “script” but to “scribe,” “subscription,” and other such words). We now use the word to describe an unpublished version of an author’s work, e.g. the “manuscript” of a soon-to-be-published novel that is still being edited. “Manuscript” is related to “text” as a member to a class, as though to say, “as a manuscript is a type of text, so is an apartment a type of X.” While the word “loft” might seem appropriate, it is at best the opposite of what you need (if not totally unrelated). A “loft apartment” is a type of apartment—an apartment is not a type of loft! The best option, as simple as it might seem, is “housing,” for an apartment is a type of housing.

Primates are the general class of monkeys, apes, humans, and so forth into which we can include orangutans. Thus, we have a case of a specific type being related to its general class. You could think of your bridge sentence as being something like, “As orangutans are types of primates, so are pediatricians types of X.” The only relevant general category offered among your options is “doctor.”

A “colloquialism” is a type of expression that is used in conversation though it is not used in formal speech. It comes from a form of the “cum-” or “con-” prefix (here “col-”) being placed on the “-loq-” base that means speech and other related meanings. (The “-loq-” comes from a Latin base meaning to speak and found in English words like “locution,” “eloquent,” and “colloquy”). For our purposes, merely note that a colloquialism is a specific type of expression. “Expression” is a general class into which “colloquialism” can be placed. Thus, we are looking for the general class into which “pension” can be placed. Strictly speaking, a "pension" is the payment that one receives, generally for retirement. It is not per se a savings, but instead is a payment promised by some organization or government to another person. We use the word to describe such payments as being used for retirement, though it used to be used to describe the types of payments that a patron would give to some artist or scholar to allow that person to continue his or her work.

The relationship needs to be read together in order to make sense. A dessert is a course in the sense of being one part of a number of plates served at a meal. Thus, we could construct a bridge sentence like, “As a desert is a type of course, so calmness is a type of X.” This is perhaps a bit abstract, but the best answer is “trait.” One can have many different types of character traits, among which we can number calmness. Several of the other words are related to calmness or to other specific character traits; however, none of them are a general class—which is what we need, since “course” is the general class in relation to “dessert.”

Homicide is a type of crime defined as the act of killing somebody, so to solve this analogy you have to determine into which category a tome belongs. A tome is a particularly long and heavy book so the correct answer is “book.”

The best option is "bench is to seat." The relationship between a "lynx" and a "cat" is that a lynx is a type of cat. Likewise, a bench is a kind of seat. Two other choices share this relationship: "animal is to mouse" and "dog is to coyote." However, the order of the words in each of those answer choices is reversed. Instead of being in the order of example to category as "lynx is to cat"is, the order of these two choices is category to example, which is inappropriate and incorrect.