SAT Subject Test in World History - SAT Subject Test in World History

The Leviathan was published in 1651 and was written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes. In Leviathan, Hobbes argues that mankind is inherently selfish and inclined towards aggression and disorder. He purports that there exists a “state of nature” of mankind that is, primarily, the “war of all against all.” In order to prevent mankind from constantly warring with one another, Hobbes argues for an absolute monarch and a rigidly structured social order. Hobbes can be seen as the philosophical opposite of John Locke, who argued that mankind was inherently good and that absolute government corrupted those in power into serving solely their own interests. These two political philosophies have clashed ever since, particularly in Europe, and both remain deeply influential in contemporary political thought.

The Congress of Vienna was a meeting of various European heads of states in 1815 in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars. The Congress was focused on two major issues: reordering Europe and protecting the "balance of power," and ensuring the continued legitimacy of the absolutist and constitutional monarchs of Europe.

The 1815 Congress of Vienna took place in the immediate aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars. Its primary concern was establishing what has come to be called "The Concert of Europe." Essentially, this means balancing the territory of all the major European nations to discourage them from engaging in warfare with one another (restoring the balance of power). Its secondary concern was ensuring the continued rule of Europe's absolute and constitutional monarchs and preventing the transition towards Republicanism.

While its true that Thomas Jefferson did write in the Declaration of Independence that all men have a right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness," he was taking his ideas from the earlier writings of John Locke. Locke argued against governmental absolutism and firmly believed in the rights of men to govern themselves. He argued that the only legitimate form of government came from the consent of the people and that all men have a right to life, liberty, and (private) property.

The French Revolution began in 1789. It is widely considered one of the most important events in European history, particularly in the history of European transition from absolutism to constituional monarchy to republicanism; however, like many revolutions, it ended up consuming itself and resulting in a dictatorship.

For much of the Cold War, Afghanistan had been under the Soviet sphere of influence. In the 1980s, the growing strength of the rebel Mujahideen led to direct Soviet invasion and a decade-long conflict. At this time, the United States deemed Islamic fundamentalism to be a much less serious threat than the spread of communism and so provided financial and military assistance to the guerrilla forces fighting against the Soviet Union.

The United States-led coalition invasion of Afghanistan began in October 2001 and only ended recently in December of 2014. The war began in response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks on American soil less than a month earlier. The publicly stated goals of the American forces were to defeat and dismantle Al-Qaeda and to remove the Taliban government from power.

The "Axis of Evil" was a term created by the government of George W. Bush to try and provide support for American military involvement in Iraq and other countries. Iran, Iraq, and North Korea were identified as "evil" countries that sponsored terrorism and were trying to pursue the ownership of nuclear weapons.

During and immediately after the Gulf War, the Kurdish people (along with a loose coalition of other groups) rebelled against the forces of Saddam Hussein and the Sunni-led government. Although they achieved many initial victories, the government reprisal was swift and brutal. Chemical weapons were used, and mass genocide was encouraged. Almost two million Kurds fled Iraq during this time period.

The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was one of the last conflicts of the Cold War. The United States funded the Mujahadeen resistance fighters who were resisting Soviet occupation. This decision would have long-lasting consequences for the United States, as the weapons were used against the country in later conflicts.

Saddam Hussein was a Sunni Muslim in a country (Iraq) where the population distribution of Shia and Sunni Muslims is roughly even. Sectarian differences between Sunni and Shia have been the cause of much conflict in the Middle East for hundreds of years and are especially relevant today.

Shaka, who ruled the Zulu Kingdom from 1816-1828, completely transformed the culture of his people and made the Zulus a formidable foe to British Colonists in South Africa. With an increasing encroachment by both British and Dutch descended white Africans, the Zulus began a campaign against the forces of European nations. Shaka was above all a warrior king, who reorganized his entire society around new regiments of soldiers, and made all aspects of Zulu life serve his military.

During the Atlantic slave trade, most African slaves were sent to either Brazil or to plantations in the Caribbean. The Portuguese did not take slaves back to Portugal but rather to their many plantations in Brazil.

The voortrekkers were descendants of the intial Dutch settlers from the Cape Colony. When British colonization of South Africa began in the 1830s, the voortrekkers moved inland to take the inland agricultural areas. In doing this, they displaced many native Africans, often with the use of considerable force.

The abolition movement began in Britain towards the end of the eighteenth century. In 1807, Parliament passed a law banning the slave trade, which made it illegal for any British citizen to buy or kidnap a slave from Africa; however, the institution of slavery remained in effect in some parts of the British Empire. This was ended by the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833.

Shaka the Zulu is one of the most famous and significant African rulers of the nineteenth century. He is often credited with uniting several tribes into the Zulu nation and his military prowess is revered by some historians. His rule was also one of great brutality and relatively short-lived for such a famous king. (He ruled for a little over a decade.) He continues to be influential in African culture to this day, particularly in South Africa.

The introduction of firearms in West Africa contributed to increased conflicts in this period among various tribes and kingdoms, leading to the collapse of larger states, including the greatest West African kingdoms (which had emerged before this period) that still remained. The growing Atlantic slave trade did cause societal collapse both by contributing to these growing conflicts and by taking millions of able-bodied people from Africa. Meanwhile, agriculture was transformed (and the demographic losses due to war and slavery were somewhat offset) by introduction of New World crops like peanuts and manioc.

Haile Selassie was the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. He is notable for his defense of Ethiopia against Mussolini's Italian invasion and for modernizing Ethiopia into the twentieth century.

The Second Boer War was fought between the British Empire and Afrikaner settlers of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic. It ended in victory for the British Empire, but did little to change the social, political, or economic situation in South Africa.