The Christian tradition of Scholasticism emerged largely as a result of the writings of __________.

John Wycliffe and Jan Hus may be best understood as early precursors of __________.

During the fourteenth century, there were Popes in both Rome and __________.

After the Concordat of Worms, bishops in the Holy Roman Empire owed their allegiance to __________.

During the Medieval period, it was common for people to pay one-tenth of their income to the church; this payment is known as a(n) __________.