she refused to take on political responsibilities

she helped govern England with her husband, Henry II

like many noblewomen, she could inherit property as a widow

her presence as a public figure helped cause the rise of romantic love and chivalry

her sons, Richard and John, both became kings of England

she refused to take on political responsibilities

she helped govern England with her husband, Henry II

like many noblewomen, she could inherit property as a widow

her presence as a public figure helped cause the rise of romantic love and chivalry

her sons, Richard and John, both became kings of England

ensuring the supremacy of Catholicism in Spain

ensuring religious toleration of Catholics in Spain

Spain's Muslim population

ensuring the supremacy of Protestantism in Spain

garnering support for the reign of Isabella and Ferdinand

ensuring the supremacy of Catholicism in Spain

ensuring religious toleration of Catholics in Spain

Spain's Muslim population

ensuring the supremacy of Protestantism in Spain

garnering support for the reign of Isabella and Ferdinand

it only affected Europe

it helped inspire literary works like Boccaccio's Decameron

it was spread, in part, by merchants

it decimated populations in the early fourteenth century

it helped laborers demand better treatment

it only affected Europe

it helped inspire literary works like Boccaccio's Decameron

it was spread, in part, by merchants

it decimated populations in the early fourteenth century

it helped laborers demand better treatment

in England in 1215

in France in 1437

in Rome in 1096

in England in 1131

in Rome in 1066

protect the economic interests of merchants in Northern Europe

protect Christian Europe from the threat of Ottoman invasion

protect the Ottoman Empire from the threat posed by the European crusades

encourage the spread of Protestantism in Northern Europe

prevent the spread of Protestantism in Southern and Western Europe

All of these revolutionized agricultural production in the Middle Ages.

horseshoes

the horse collar

the heavy plow

tidal mills

England

France

Rome

The Iberian Penninsula

Scandinavia