Summary of U.S. Foreign Policy from Pre-Columbian History to 1789 - SAT Subject Test in United States History

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Question

What was the main effect of the British victory in the French and Indian War (1754-1763)?

Answer

The French and Indian War was part of a larger Anglo-French conflict. The British invested more resources in North America and defeated the French in Canada by invading and conquering Montreal. This led to the stripping of all French territory in North America.

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Question

Who was the Revolutionary War general who committed treason against the United States by planning to surrender the fortress at West Point, NY to British forces?

Answer

Arnold was in charge of a wide swath of land and a good number of troops in the New York and Pennsylvania area. His plan to surrender everything in his command was uncovered in 1780, bringing him infamy in the colonies and increasing support for the colonial cause. The British government gave him a commission in the British Army after his treason was uncovered.

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Question

The principal result of the French and Indian wars were __________.

Answer

Fought between 1754 and 1763, the French and Indian War was the North American theater of a larger conflict between European powers known as the Seven Years' War. Great Britain and France were the principal adversaries in North America, with various Native American groups siding with each European power. The final result was a resounding win for Britain, with France completely leaving the St. Lawrence River in present day Canada and ceding that territory to Britain. The War also saw the first signs of unity between the British colonies in North America, and an increased focus on colonial political issues.

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Question

The effect of George Washington's encampment at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777–1778 was __________.

Answer

The early part of the Revolutionary War saw mostly British victories and a distinct lack of obvious Colonial successes. In late 1777, Washington took his under trained and ill-formed Continental Army to Valley Forge for an encampment, some 20 miles from Philadelphia, still held by British troops. Over six months at Valley Forge, cold, disease, and poor morale all weakened the Army; however, Washington held firm, used the Prussian Officer Baron von Steuben train his soldiers, and allowed the Continental Congress to officially agree on an alliance with France.

Therefore the winter at Valley Forge strengthened the Continental Army into a force that could win the Revolution.

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Question

What was the most significant result for the British Colonies in North America from the Treaty of Breda (1667)?

Answer

The Treaty of Breda ended a worldwide conflict between European powers, which essentially froze all territorial gains made by every power. Most significantly for North America, the Dutch ceded their colony of New Amsterdam, which the English immediately renamed New York, after the English city and the brother of the King, James, Duke of York. Controlling New York Harbor gave the English an unbroken line of colonies across the Atlantic coast, strengthening their hold even more over North America.

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Question

President George Washington had a foreign policy of Manifest Destiny during his presidency.

Answer

President Washington had a foreign policy stance of neutrality during his presidency. Manifest Destiny was a foreign policy initiative adopted by James Madison, starting with the War of 1812.

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