Cell Functions - SAT Subject Test in Biology
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With regards to mitosis, which checkpoint is considered the most important?
With regards to mitosis, which checkpoint is considered the most important?
G1 is considered to be the most important checkpoint in the cell cycle. G1 precedes S and G2, so it decides if the cell is ready to commit the resources to go through the S phase, G2 phase, M phase, and then finally division. S is crucial for the replication of cellular materials and the duplication of DNA, but if the cell cannot pass G1, then it will never reach S phase.
G1 is considered to be the most important checkpoint in the cell cycle. G1 precedes S and G2, so it decides if the cell is ready to commit the resources to go through the S phase, G2 phase, M phase, and then finally division. S is crucial for the replication of cellular materials and the duplication of DNA, but if the cell cannot pass G1, then it will never reach S phase.
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Which three phases are included in Interphase?
Which three phases are included in Interphase?
During interphase, you have G1, or gap 1, in which the cell grows. Then you have S phase, in which the cell synthesizes its DNA. Finally, you have G2, or gap 2, in which the cell continues to grow again.
During interphase, you have G1, or gap 1, in which the cell grows. Then you have S phase, in which the cell synthesizes its DNA. Finally, you have G2, or gap 2, in which the cell continues to grow again.
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During the eukaryotic cell cycle, what is the function of the G2 checkpoint?
During the eukaryotic cell cycle, what is the function of the G2 checkpoint?
The G2 checkpoint of cell division prevents the cell from entering the mitotic or dividing phase until all chromosomes have accurately been replicated. Other answers: "Prevents sister chromatids from separating before each chromatid is secured to a spindle microtubule" refers to the spindle or M checkpoint. "Initiates the cell division process if conditions are favorable" and "Ensures that the cell has matured to a sufficient state before beginning synthesis" refer to functions of the restrictive or G1 checkpoint. "Ensures that each daughter cell has received the correct number of chromatids after cell division" is incorrect since there is no checkpoint in cell division to error check the results of mitosis.
The G2 checkpoint of cell division prevents the cell from entering the mitotic or dividing phase until all chromosomes have accurately been replicated. Other answers: "Prevents sister chromatids from separating before each chromatid is secured to a spindle microtubule" refers to the spindle or M checkpoint. "Initiates the cell division process if conditions are favorable" and "Ensures that the cell has matured to a sufficient state before beginning synthesis" refer to functions of the restrictive or G1 checkpoint. "Ensures that each daughter cell has received the correct number of chromatids after cell division" is incorrect since there is no checkpoint in cell division to error check the results of mitosis.
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When cells send a signal, it is often in the form of a secreted molecule. In some cases, a cell will secrete a molecule that binds to a receptor on its own cell surface. What type of signaling is this?
When cells send a signal, it is often in the form of a secreted molecule. In some cases, a cell will secrete a molecule that binds to a receptor on its own cell surface. What type of signaling is this?
When a molecule binds to a receptor on a cell surface, it means that a signal has been received by that cell. In this case, the cell that sent the signal is the same cell that is receiving the signal. Autocrine signaling is the term that describes a cell sending a signal to itself ("auto" in this context means self). Exocrine signaling occurs when a substance is secreted through a gland or duct. Endocrine signaling occurs when a substance is secreted into the bloodstream. Paracrine signaling occurs when a cell sends a signal to nearby cells (often to change the behavior or properties of those cells).
When a molecule binds to a receptor on a cell surface, it means that a signal has been received by that cell. In this case, the cell that sent the signal is the same cell that is receiving the signal. Autocrine signaling is the term that describes a cell sending a signal to itself ("auto" in this context means self). Exocrine signaling occurs when a substance is secreted through a gland or duct. Endocrine signaling occurs when a substance is secreted into the bloodstream. Paracrine signaling occurs when a cell sends a signal to nearby cells (often to change the behavior or properties of those cells).
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All of following are true of cellular respiration EXCEPT __________.
All of following are true of cellular respiration EXCEPT __________.
Cellular respiration is NOTan anaerobic process. It is exactly the opposite! Cellular respiration uses oxygen as its final electron acceptor making it an aerobic process. Anaerobic process do not use oxygen.
Cellular respiration is NOTan anaerobic process. It is exactly the opposite! Cellular respiration uses oxygen as its final electron acceptor making it an aerobic process. Anaerobic process do not use oxygen.
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For each molecule of glucose, how many ATP are produced by the Citric Acid Cycle?
For each molecule of glucose, how many ATP are produced by the Citric Acid Cycle?
Each molecule of glucose produces 2 pyruvate molecules. Each of these pyruvate molecules go through the citric acid cycle and produce 1 ATP each, resulting in 2 ATP total.
Each molecule of glucose produces 2 pyruvate molecules. Each of these pyruvate molecules go through the citric acid cycle and produce 1 ATP each, resulting in 2 ATP total.
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How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule in anaerobic respiration?
How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule in anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration takes place when oxygen is low, such as when lactic acid fermentation takes place in human muscle tissue. This can be painful and cause some of the cramps experienced during intense exercise. Anaerobic respiration is much less efficient at producing ATP than aerobic respiration; it only produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule vs. 36 net ATP in aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration takes place when oxygen is low, such as when lactic acid fermentation takes place in human muscle tissue. This can be painful and cause some of the cramps experienced during intense exercise. Anaerobic respiration is much less efficient at producing ATP than aerobic respiration; it only produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule vs. 36 net ATP in aerobic respiration.
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Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?
Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?
The electron transport chain is found on the inside of the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is not used to transport proteins; instead, it generates ATP to be used as an energy source by the cell. The electron transport chain is found in plants and animals (though the one found in plants operates very differently than the one found in animals). Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, not glucose.
The electron transport chain is found on the inside of the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is not used to transport proteins; instead, it generates ATP to be used as an energy source by the cell. The electron transport chain is found in plants and animals (though the one found in plants operates very differently than the one found in animals). Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, not glucose.
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Each of the following is a step in mitosis EXCEPT __________.
Each of the following is a step in mitosis EXCEPT __________.
There are no homologous pairs in mitosis. Mitosis has sister chromatids that separate and result in two identical daughter cells. Meiosis has homologous pairs because it occurs in sex cells and has one chromosome from the father and the other from the mother. These chromosomes pair up in Metaphase I and then separate in Anaphase I. Mitosis occurs in somatic cells so there is only one chromosome made up of two sister chromatids that separate during Anaphase.
There are no homologous pairs in mitosis. Mitosis has sister chromatids that separate and result in two identical daughter cells. Meiosis has homologous pairs because it occurs in sex cells and has one chromosome from the father and the other from the mother. These chromosomes pair up in Metaphase I and then separate in Anaphase I. Mitosis occurs in somatic cells so there is only one chromosome made up of two sister chromatids that separate during Anaphase.
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During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?
During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?
Crossing over occurs during Prophase I. During Prophase I, chromatin condenses and homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad. At this point, sometimes pieces of the chromatids within the chromosomes break off and exchange DNA. This process is known as "crossing over." This cannot occur in Prophase II because there are no homologous chromosomes in this stage, and therefore there isn't any different DNA to exchange.
Crossing over occurs during Prophase I. During Prophase I, chromatin condenses and homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad. At this point, sometimes pieces of the chromatids within the chromosomes break off and exchange DNA. This process is known as "crossing over." This cannot occur in Prophase II because there are no homologous chromosomes in this stage, and therefore there isn't any different DNA to exchange.
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1. Chromosomes begin to condense
2. Centrioles separate and begin to form a mitotic spindle as they move towards opposite sides of the cell
3. The nucleolus breaks down
During which phase of cell division do the given processes occur?
1. Chromosomes begin to condense
2. Centrioles separate and begin to form a mitotic spindle as they move towards opposite sides of the cell
3. The nucleolus breaks down
During which phase of cell division do the given processes occur?
During prophase, the cell will begin to condense its chromosomes to prepare for separation during anaphase. The pair of centrioles in the cell will also separate and begin to move towards opposite ends of the cell, while remaining attached to each chromosome by a microtubule. These fibers form the mitotic spindle, which organizes and repositions the chromosomes during cell division. During this phase, the nuclear envelope and nucleolus also break down and disappear.
During prophase, the cell will begin to condense its chromosomes to prepare for separation during anaphase. The pair of centrioles in the cell will also separate and begin to move towards opposite ends of the cell, while remaining attached to each chromosome by a microtubule. These fibers form the mitotic spindle, which organizes and repositions the chromosomes during cell division. During this phase, the nuclear envelope and nucleolus also break down and disappear.
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During which of the following phases of the cell cycle do chromosomes align in the middle of the cell?
During which of the following phases of the cell cycle do chromosomes align in the middle of the cell?
The correct answer is "metaphase." The chromosomes are each attached to spindle fibers at the centromere. When the chromosomes align along the middle of the cell (often called the "metaphase plate"), the cell is in metaphase. Metaphase occurs after prophase (during which the cell grows and replicates its DNA) but before anaphase (when the chromosomes are pulled by spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell).
The correct answer is "metaphase." The chromosomes are each attached to spindle fibers at the centromere. When the chromosomes align along the middle of the cell (often called the "metaphase plate"), the cell is in metaphase. Metaphase occurs after prophase (during which the cell grows and replicates its DNA) but before anaphase (when the chromosomes are pulled by spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell).
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A new organism from Mars has been discovered, and its genome has 
. Although these organisms are fluorescent green, their cells undergo meiosis and mitosis in the exact same way that human cells do.
After one of these cells undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes will it have?
A new organism from Mars has been discovered, and its genome has 
After one of these cells undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes will it have?
A somatic (body) cell is always diploid, meaning that it has 
chromosomes. When a cell undergoes meiosis, the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell will be half the number in the original parent cell. Each daughter cell produced from meiosis will be haploid, meaning that it will have 
chromosomes.
A somatic (body) cell is always diploid, meaning that it has 
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A new organism from Mars has been discovered, and its genome has 
. Although these organisms are fluorescent green, their cells undergo meiosis and mitosis in the exact same way that human cells do.
After one of these cells undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes will it have?
A new organism from Mars has been discovered, and its genome has 
After one of these cells undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes will it have?
A somatic (body) cell is always diploid, meaning that it has 
chromosomes. When a cell undergoes mitosis, the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is the same as the number of chromosomes in the original parent cell. Each daughter cell produced from mitosis is diploid, meaning that it will have 
(in this case 
) chromosomes.
A somatic (body) cell is always diploid, meaning that it has 
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Which of the following types of transport require ATP?
Which of the following types of transport require ATP?
The Na+/K+ pump is active transport and therefore requires ATP. Since the pump is moving ions against its concentration gradient, it requires ATP to change the conformation of the pump to release the ions. All of the other forms of transport are either diffusion (moving down its concentration gradient) or facilitated diffusion (moving down its concentration gradient with the help of a channel or carrier).
Good tip: Pumps are used for active transport while carrier proteins or channels are used for facilitated diffusion which is a type of passive transport.
The Na+/K+ pump is active transport and therefore requires ATP. Since the pump is moving ions against its concentration gradient, it requires ATP to change the conformation of the pump to release the ions. All of the other forms of transport are either diffusion (moving down its concentration gradient) or facilitated diffusion (moving down its concentration gradient with the help of a channel or carrier).
Good tip: Pumps are used for active transport while carrier proteins or channels are used for facilitated diffusion which is a type of passive transport.
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All of the following are a part of the Cell Theory EXCEPT __________.
All of the following are a part of the Cell Theory EXCEPT __________.
Cells do not arise from nonliving substances, though scientists used to believe they did. Through several experiments by many different scientists, it became clear that indeed all cells arise from preexisting cells.
Cells do not arise from nonliving substances, though scientists used to believe they did. Through several experiments by many different scientists, it became clear that indeed all cells arise from preexisting cells.
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Which of the following organisms undergo photosynthesis?
I. Blue-green algae
II. Cyanobacteria
III. Ferns
Which of the following organisms undergo photosynthesis?
I. Blue-green algae
II. Cyanobacteria
III. Ferns
While the photosynthetic process differs slightly among these organisms, cyanobacteria, algae, and ferns (along with all other plants) all undergo photosynthesis-the process of using sunlight to synthesize food from carbon dioxide and water.
While the photosynthetic process differs slightly among these organisms, cyanobacteria, algae, and ferns (along with all other plants) all undergo photosynthesis-the process of using sunlight to synthesize food from carbon dioxide and water.
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