Reactions by Product - Organic Chemistry

This reaction involves a very strong reducing agent in lithium aluminum hydride, . LAH converts ketones, aldehydes, esters, and acid chlorides into alcohols. This reaction changes the carbonyl group into a hydroxyl group. As a result, the final answer is 2-butanol.

This is an example of a Grignard reaction that requires the use of an ester or acid chloride, and more than one equivalent of an organometallic. The second step would be to react the product of the first step in an acidic source.

Swern oxidation requires COCl2, triethylamine, and DMSO. The same reaction can be accomplished using PCC and dichloromethane. This reaction oxidizes an alcohol to a carbonyl, but only works with primary and secondary alcohols.

The starting material first needs to be brominated, which occur at the tertiary carbon. Then, an elimination reaction needs to take place to form an alkene intermediate, which will transpire through the E2 pathway with the tertbutoxide ion in tertbutanol. After this, an alcohol needs to be formed through hydroboration because we need the carbonyl group on the less subsituted carbon. After an alcohol is formed, the PCC reaction can oxidize the alcohol to make it a carbonyl. All these reactions are shown in choice C.

In the first step of the reaction, a chlorine is abstracted and a double bond is formed. In the ozonolysis step, the molecule is broken at the double bond and each carbon at that bond gets double bonded to an oxygen. The presence of zinc keeps it from becoming a carboxylic acid.

Working backwards, you must remove the oxygens from the final product and redraw the molecule at the double bond. This intermediate is 1,3-dimethylcyclopentene. Next, the chlorine must be added to one of the carbons on the double bond. The only possible choice is 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylcyclopentane.

In order to convert a secondary alcohol into a ketone, we must employ as a reagent.

The longest carbon chain that can be formed is eight carbons. The base molecule is octane.

Using IUPAC rules, substituents should have the lowest possible numbers; thus, we start counting carbons from the right side rather than the left. If you count from the correct side, there are two methyl groups on carbon 3 and one on carbon 5. Thus, the name of the moleculue is 3,3,5-trimethyloctane.

The given molecule is an alkane. The only way to brominate an alkane is with bromine gas and UV light. The energy from the light serves to creat two radical bromines. These radicals are capable of bonding with alkanes. If the given compound were an alkene, either hydrobromic acid or bromine and peroxides would work.

Unlike E2 reactions, in which hydrogen abstraction occurs simultaneously with the dissociation of the leaving group (limiting the configuration of the reaction's product), E1 reactions occur in two distinct steps. The slow rate-determining step that must first occur is the dissociation of the leaving group. Leaving behind a carbocation intermediate, it is often necessary to consider possible carbocation rearrangements that would stabilize the positive charge.

In this case, no such rearrangement is favorable as their are no locations of greater stability available.

However, what must be considered is that the intermediate is free to orient itself in its most stable conformation prior to the formation of the double bond in the second step. As a result, the E product (the larger substituents are on oriented opposite one another with respect to the double bond) is yielded primarily.

To carry out this reaction, we need to create a radical as an intermediate, which is an unpaired electron. We do so by introducing , UV light, and heat to the 1-methyl cyclohexane. The light and the heat react with the to break the bond and create two radical bromine atoms. One of the radical bromine atoms removes a hydrogen from the carbon on the 1-methyl cyclohexane that is most substituted, and a radical carbon is formed. Finally, the second radical bromine reacts with the radical carbon to form the final product.

You must begin counting the carbons so that the first functional substituent has the lowest possible number. In this case, C1 is connected to C2 by the double bond, meaning we start counting from the left.

The longest carbon chain is seven carbons so the parent molecule is heptane. With this numbering, there are methyl groups on carbons 3 and 6 and a chlorine on carbon 5.

Substituents are named in alphabetical order and two double bonds result in a diene. Thus, the correct answer is 5-chloro-3,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene.

Huckel's rule states that an aromatic compound must have delocalized electrons. The electrons in each double bond are delocalized for this molecule. There are nine double bonds, and thus eighteen delocalized electrons.

If 4n+2=18, then n=4.

Two sets of reagents are required to convert butanone into 2-butene. First, we use to reduce the butanone into a 2-butanol. Second, we use heat and acid to dehydrate the butanol and yield the final desired product.

1. ; 2. Heat/ may seem like an acceptable answer choice. However, note that the Grignard reagent converts the butanone into a tertiary alcohol, rather than a secondary alcohol as needed.

2-butone is a carbonyl compound that can readily be reduced by into a secondary alcohol, 2-butanol. When 2-butanol is heated in acid, we get dehydration, which leads to 2-butene.

This is an addition reaction with 3 products. The unknown reactant reacts with and gives those three products. Addition reactions begin with double bonded compounds and so these electrons are used to react with some reagent . One needs to work backwards to figure out how something was formed and in this case, there are mechanistic pathways, and one of the pathways involves a hydride shift. These 3 products often exist in different concentrations after the reaction.

Metallic sodium in liquid ammonia creates solvated electrons which can convert an alkyne to an E alkene. The same will not happen when sodium is combined with water, where sodium reacts violently to create sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Lindlar's catalyst is a poisoned catalyst used to form alkenes from alkynes, bud results in a Z conformation. Without the poisoned catalyst, an alkane will be formed.

Below is the mechanism for the reaction given to form the alkene:

The reason this is the major product is because on tertiary alcohols are best dehydrated based on the E1 mechanism below:

The reason this is the major product is because tertiary alcohols are best dehydrated based on the E1 mechanism below: