\[1\] Goosebumps are a trait inherited from our animal ancestors many generations ago. \[2\] They are a physiological reaction in which small muscles attached to body hair contract, causing the hair to stand up. \[3\] The coat of body hair rises to expand the layer of air that serves as insulation. \[4\] However, the name comes from the way the skin resembles that of a goose after the feathers have been plucked. \[5\] Goosebumps can be caused whenever the body feels cold or in many animals when they feel threatened.

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The Sagrada Familia has stood, incomplete, as part of the Barcelona skyline since the early phases of its construction in 1882. The project, originally intended to be a cathedral in the gothic style, was begun by the bookseller Joseph Maria Bocabella under the direction of the architect Francisco de Paula del Villar. Del Villar and Bocabella imagined a basilica modeled on the Gothic revival churches Bocabella had seen on trips to Italy. However, Bocabella’s ideal basilica never came to be. In 1883 del Villar resigned from the project, and 30-year old Antoni Gaudi, a young but already well known architect from Catalonia, took over as lead architect.

\[1\] By the time Gaudi died in 1926, the basilica was only somewhere between 15 and 20 percent complete. \[2\] Gaudi decided to depart from del Villar’s original Gothic design in favor of a more modern design. \[3\] The new design was ambitious, featuring eighteen tall spires and four different facades on different sides of the basilica. \[4\] But work on the new building was slow. \[5\] Decades passed, and the work was still incomplete. \[6\] In 1915, Gaudi - now 63 years old - abandoned all other work in favor of dedicating himself to the completion of the monumental church, but progress on the building was still slow. \[7\] When pressured to speed up work on the monumental building, Gaudi was said to have replied, “My client is not in a hurry.”

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\[1\] In 2013, British scientists conducted an experiment to see the effects of how chewing bubble gum helps keep focus on tasks longer with both visual and auditory memory tasks. \[2\] In a study of 38 participants split into two groups, completing a 30 minute audio task involving numbers. \[3\] The groups were scored on their ability to accurately and quickly detect a sequence of even and odd numbers. \[4\] One group completed the task while chewing gum, while the other group did not chew gum at any time during the experiment. \[5\] The results showed that those who chewed gum while completing the task had quicker reaction times, more accurate results, and longer stamina than the participants who did not chew gum.

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\[1\] The job of CRM archaeologists is to identify the potential cultural significance of a site and then document and preserve any artifacts of historical or cultural significance. \[2\] The surplus of people who want to work in archaeology has meant that the majority of archaeologists aren’t employed by universities or museums, but by construction companies and the government. \[3\] Most archaeology positions in today’s economy are for what are referred to as a “cultural resource management” archaeologists, or CRM archaeologists, who are often involved in building projects as representatives of the state, Native American tribes, and historical societies. \[4\] While part of this analysis might involve starting a dig at the site in question to find relevant artifacts, much of this research process requires CRM archaeologists to consult historical records and talk to members of the community where the building process has been proposed. 1

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\[1\] Renewable energy is said to be the way of the future. \[2\] Many different forms of renewable energy are currently being researched and implemented, including wind power, solar power, and hydroelectric power. \[3\] Solar energy is most commonly collected through photovoltaic solar panels that convert the sun’s energy into usable electricity. \[4\] Wind power, or wind energy, creates electricity through the wind that occurs naturally in the earth’s atmosphere. \[5\] Hydroelectric power, or water power, allows us to collect water energy through propellers, such as turbines, which turns a metal shaft in an electric generator, producing electricity.

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\[1\] Traveling across the globe has always been a dream of mine; seeing new places, experiencing different things, and viewing sights that are thousands of years old are some of the many reasons why traveling is good for the soul. \[2\] Seeing the mountain ranges across the United States was first on my list. \[3\] I packed my bags and got my car ready for a long road trip full of camping, sight-seeing, and catching up with old friends. \[4\] After the mountains, I stopped along Chattanooga, Asheville, Charleston, and Philadelphia to visit with several friends and see some museums and other sights in these beautiful cities. \[5\] My first mountains were the Appalachians, starting in Georgia and working my way up north to the Adirondacks in New York. \[6\] Once reaching New York, I headed west towards the Adirondacks, a small but beautiful and serene range with views unparalleled to the Smoky Mountains. \[7\] I spent more time than planned in New York, but it was worth the extra days to see everything I possibly could. \[8\] I headed west towards the Rocky Mountains, ready to take on one of the largest mountain ranges in North America.

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\[1\] Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize in Physics, and years later, her second award in Chemistry made her the first person to win two Nobel Prizes. \[2\] Madame Curie worked endlessly with her husband, Pierre, discovering polonium and radium together, landing them the Nobel Prize shortly after in 1903. \[3\] Following Pierre’s death in 1911, Madame Curie went on to develop X-rays. \[4\] Pierre and Marie’s eldest daughter, Irène, followed in their footsteps, winning the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935. \[5\] Marie Curie passed away in 1934, caused by prolonged exposure to radiation through her work.

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\[1\] While the Grand Canyon is the largest canyon system on Earth, it is not the largest in our solar system. \[2\] The largest known canyon system in our solar system, Valles Marineris, is four times as deep and nine times as long as the Grand Canyon. \[3\] If you’ve ever been to the Grand Canyon, you can understand how vast the canyon system really is. \[4\] Valles Marineris is found on our neighboring planet, Mars.

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\[1\] The first video game was created in a lab by scientists in the early 1950s. \[2\] British professor A. S. Douglas created a virtual tic-tac-toe as part of his doctoral dissertation in 1952. \[3\] Later, in 1958, William Higinbotham created “Tennis for Two” on a very large computer, completely different from what we are used to today. \[4\] In 1967, the first multiplayer game that could be played on a television was created, called “The Brown Box.” \[5\] In 1962, Steve Russell created “Spacewar!” which was a computer-based combat game.

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\[1\] Nintendo is a Japanese Company that took over the American gaming market, introducing games with memorable characters such as Super Mario Brothers, Pokemon, and more. \[2\] Nintendo was the first major company to introduce a handheld system: the Gameboy. \[3\] Prior to the Gameboy, Nintendo had released the Nintendo Entertainment System, or NES, and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, or SNES, as console systems. \[4\] Following Nintendo’s release of the innovative console and handheld systems, Nintendo introduced the Nintendo 64, Nintendo Gamecube, and upgraded the Gameboy to the Gameboy Color, and later, the Gameboy Advanced in the mid-1990s to early 2000s. \[5\] Nintendo continued to break barriers in the mid-to-late 2000s and 2010s with the introduction of the DS (or duel screen), the first handheld system with a touch screen; the Wii, the first console with motion sensors and more active games; and the Nintendo Switch, the first system to be both handheld and console-based, allowing users to switch between the two at their leisure.

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