During the 2016 Presidential election for the United States president, only 6 in 10 eligible voters participated. Many states had below 50% voter turnout, including one of the five largest states by population, Texas. Minnesota had the largest percentage of any state, with 74%. Florida had around 65% turnout while New York and California had roughly 55%. Many people have claimed they did not participate in the election because they felt that their voice didn’t matter. 4% of those who did not vote but were eligible to do so stated their failure to vote was due to registration problems, such as voter ID laws, registration difficulty, or criminal records.

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During the 2016 Presidential election for the United States president, only 6 in 10 eligible voters participated. Many states had below 50% voter turnout, including one of the five largest states by population, Texas. Minnesota had the largest percentage of any state, with 74%. Florida had around 65% turnout while New York and California had roughly 55%. Many people have claimed they did not participate in the election because they felt that their voice didn’t matter. 4% of those who did not vote but were eligible to do so stated their failure to vote was due to registration problems, such as voter ID laws, registration difficulty, or criminal records.

At this point, the author is considering adding the following table:

Should the author make this addition?

In 2018, the Atlantic hurricane season had 15 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes. With over 100 deaths and $50 billion in damage, the 2018 season was the third consecutive above-average season. The first named storm, Tropical Storm Alberto, formed prior to the official start of the hurricane season, which is June 1st.

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In 2018, the Atlantic hurricane season had 15 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes. With over 100 deaths and $50 billion in damage, the 2018 season was the third consecutive above-average season. The first named storm, Tropical Storm Alberto, formed prior to the official start of the hurricane season, which is June 1st.

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Microeconomics is the study of individual and business decisions while macroeconomics studies the decisions made by countries and governments which is on a much larger scale than microeconomics. Microeconomics focus on supply and demand as well as forces that determine price levels of products. Macroeconomics focuses on nation-wide economies as a whole as well as trades between goods and services between nations, such as the gross domestic product, or GDP.

At this point, the author is considering adding the following graph:

The following graph displays the relationship reflecting the causal connection between microeconomic and macroeconomics displayed over time. The dotted line expresses percent change in causation on microeconomics, the solid line, the percent change in causation on macroeconomics.

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Microeconomics is the study of individual and business decisions while macroeconomics studies the decisions made by countries and governments which is on a much larger scale than microeconomics. Microeconomics focus on supply and demand as well as forces that determine price levels of products. Macroeconomics focuses on nation-wide economies as a whole as well as trades between goods and services between nations, such as the gross domestic product, or GDP.

At this point, the author is considering adding the following graph:

The following graph displays the relationship reflecting the causal connection between microeconomic and macroeconomics displayed over time. The dotted line expresses percent change in causation on microeconomics, the solid line, the percent change in causation on macroeconomics.

Should the author make this addition here?

The Baroque period derived its name from the Italian word barocco, which was used by philosophers used to describe an obstacle in logic. The word later came to describe anything that was an irregular idea or thought, coming to mean anything out of the ordinary or bizarre in the art style of the middle ages in Europe. The term had a grotesque connotation up until the late 19th century. The term eventually came to refer to the style of art, rather than a negative term that was originally associated with the word.

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The Baroque period derived its name from the Italian word barocco, which was used by philosophers used to describe an obstacle in logic. The word later came to describe anything that was an irregular idea or thought, coming to mean anything out of the ordinary or bizarre in the art style of the middle ages in Europe. The term had a grotesque connotation up until the late 19th century. The term eventually came to refer to the style of art, rather than a negative term that was originally associated with the word.

At this point, the author is considering adding the following graph:

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Ecosystems are made of a complex system of energy and nutrient transfers from one organism to another. Some of these transfers are in the form of predation: one organism eating another – while others are in the form of ecosystem engineering, an organism changing the environment around them. One major form of ecosystem engineering is niche creation, the process of an organism changing its environment to create a competitive advantage. In order for an organism to be considered as creating a niche, three things must be true: the organism must significantly modify its environment, those changes must affect other organisms’ survival, and those changes must lead to an evolutionary response in another organism. 1

One of the world’s most influential “niche constructors” - species known for changing the environment around them - is the earthworm, an organism found almost everywhere on the planet. Earthworms were originally aquatic organisms that were ill-equipped to survive on land. A scientist only concerned with evolution would predict that, in order to live on land, earthworms would have to significantly change. Earthworms didn’t change their physiology a great amount, however, instead, they changed the soil to make it more like the ocean in order to survive. Land with earthworms is less compacted, is more nutrient rich, and is better mixed than land without them, leading to monumental changes in the ecosystem.

To be considered true niche constructors, however, earthworms must change the environment in such a way as to alter the evolution of another species. One of the easiest ways to measure this effect on evolution is in the effect that the number of earthworms has on soil fertility, a measure of how hospitable an environment is to plant growth. Even the least fertile soil has around 62 worms per square meter, and as the number of worms increases so does soil fertility. As worms move through the different layers of soil, they eat, digest, and excrete massive amounts of organic matter. They leave their excretions behind in the form of nutrient-rich droppings known as casings. As these casings decompose, they release nutrients into the soil. This process not only moves nutrients from one layer of the soil to another but also converts the nutrients to forms that plants can absorb and process more easily. Because it is easier for plants to get the proper nutrients, plants don’t have to invest time and energy into making better root systems to gather nutrients. As a result, plants have, over time, lost some of these mechanisms – a form of evolution.

Without earthworms, modern land-based ecosystems would look very different. There is no way to predict the exact changes that would exist without earthworms, but it is easy to recognize earthworms’ impact. As research continues into the effect of earthworms, scientists are confident that it will show an even more complex picture of the earthworm’s contribution to the land-based ecosystem.

The author is considering the addition of the following table:

The table above outlines the unique ways in which several organisms have impacted their ecosystems to the benefit of other species.

Should the author make this addition?

Ecosystems are made of a complex system of energy and nutrient transfers from one organism to another. Some of these transfers are in the form of predation: one organism eating another – while others are in the form of ecosystem engineering, an organism changing the environment around them. One major form of ecosystem engineering is niche creation, the process of an organism changing its environment to create a competitive advantage. In order for an organism to be considered as creating a niche, three things must be true: the organism must significantly modify its environment, those changes must affect other organisms’ survival, and those changes must lead to an evolutionary response in another organism. 1

One of the world’s most influential “niche constructors” - species known for changing the environment around them - is the earthworm, an organism found almost everywhere on the planet. Earthworms were originally aquatic organisms that were ill-equipped to survive on land. A scientist only concerned with evolution would predict that, in order to live on land, earthworms would have to significantly change. Earthworms didn’t change their physiology a great amount, however, instead, they changed the soil to make it more like the ocean in order to survive. Land with earthworms is less compacted, is more nutrient rich, and is better mixed than land without them, leading to monumental changes in the ecosystem.

To be considered true niche constructors, however, earthworms must change the environment in such a way as to alter the evolution of another species. One of the easiest ways to measure this effect on evolution is in the effect that the number of earthworms has on soil fertility, a measure of how hospitable an environment is to plant growth. Even the least fertile soil has around 62 worms per square meter, and as the number of worms increases so does soil fertility. As worms move through the different layers of soil, they eat, digest, and excrete massive amounts of organic matter. They leave their excretions behind in the form of nutrient-rich droppings known as casings. As these casings decompose, they release nutrients into the soil. This process not only moves nutrients from one layer of the soil to another but also converts the nutrients to forms that plants can absorb and process more easily. Because it is easier for plants to get the proper nutrients, plants don’t have to invest time and energy into making better root systems to gather nutrients. As a result, plants have, over time, lost some of these mechanisms – a form of evolution.

Without earthworms, modern land-based ecosystems would look very different. There is no way to predict the exact changes that would exist without earthworms, but it is easy to recognize earthworms’ impact. As research continues into the effect of earthworms, scientists are confident that it will show an even more complex picture of the earthworm’s contribution to the land-based ecosystem.

The author is considering the addition of the following table:

The table above outlines the unique ways in which several organisms have impacted their ecosystems to the benefit of other species.

Should the author make this addition?