Card 0 of 20
At what age does an infant learn object permanence?
Object permanence is the understanding that an object still exists even when it can not be seen, heard, or touched. It is often tested by placing an object on a surface, then covering that object and allowing the infant to attempt to uncover it, thus demonstrating a knowledge that the object remains present though it is hidden.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
At what age does an infant develop the grasping response?
The grasping reflex is the earliest reflex developed by the infant. It is often present at birth: the infant will grasp at objects such as a finger placed into their open palm.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
At what age will an infant develop an inferior pincer grasp?
The inferior pincer grasp is the ability to pick up small objects such as by resting the forearm on a surface and pinching using the sides of the thumb and the index finger. It is an important milestone in the development of fine motor skills.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or guilt, insomnia, difficulty coping with normal life activities, social avoidance, and anxiety after giving birth are all signs of what?
Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or guilt, insomnia, difficulty coping with normal life activities, social avoidance, and anxiety after giving birth are all signs of postpartum depression, a condition that affects as many as four out of five people after giving birth. Postpartum psychosis is a much more serious condition, involving delusions, extreme mood swings, and risk of self harm.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
What is the cause of postpartum depression?
While vitamin deficiencies, lack of sleep, and social stresses can all contribute to depressed mood after giving birth, the primary cause of postpartum depression is an extreme drop in hormones (primarily estrogen and progesterone) that occurs after delivery of the placenta.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
At what time after birth is the APGAR score calculated?
The APGAR score is calculated one minute after birth, and then again at five minutes after birth. It is common for infants to be born with depressed respiration, cyanosis, and other physical signs of struggle that are quickly resolved within five minutes after birth. If signs of respiratory or cardiovascular distress do not improve by this time, however, emergency intervention may be required.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
At what time does molding (the elongation of the baby's head as it passes through the birth canal) resolve in a newborn?
Molding, or the elongation of the infants head during labor and delivery, is a normal adaptation allowing the relatively large skull to traverse the narrow space of the birth canal. It generally resolves in 1-5 days.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
How long after birth should a newborn pass meconium?
Meconium is a sticky, dark-green to black stool that is the first stool passed by neonates after birth. It is composed of the content of the infant's digestive tract before it has begun drinking milk - primarily water, mucus, bile, lanugo, and intestinal epithelial cells. A newborn that has begun to feed on breastmilk or formula should pass a normal stool (yellow to mustard-green and creamy rather than sticky) within 24 hours.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
At what age should an infant show stranger anxiety?
An infant begins to show signs of anxiety toward strangers between 8 and 12 months of age and may recur until two years of age. This anxiety can show as silence, staring, writhing or crying in the presence of people they don't know.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
A first time mother comes in ten days after giving birth to a healthy daughter. She is concerned because she has been bleeding continuously from her vagina since labor. The blood is red to brown, and she has been using sanitary napkins, which she must change about every 3 hours. How do you counsel her?
Postpartum bleeding, referred to as lochia, is a normal process wherein the individual sheds blood, mucus, and uterine tissue after delivery. This bleeding can continue for up to six weeks, and coloration can change from bright red blood (lochia rubra) to pinkish-brown discharge (lochia serosa).
Compare your answer with the correct one above
A new mother comes in two weeks postpartum. She is complaining of left breast tenderness and heat. On PE you note a slightly enlarged left breast that is mildly erythematous and very tender on palpation. This is most likely what condition?
Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast tissue, often due to milk stasis in a breastfeeding individual and occurring most commonly in the first few weeks after delivery. Causes can include poor latching, tight bras or clothing, or infection. Incidence is higher in individuals who are immunocompromised, and in people with cracked nipples or a past history of mastitis with a previous birth. Mastitis is not an emergency, nor is it any type of cancer, cyst, or serious breast disease.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
Which of the following should be encouraged in a person presenting with mastitis?
The most common treatment for mastitis is frequent breastfeeding, along with rest and loosening of any tight-fitting clothing. Most cases of mastitis are non-infectious and do not require antibiotics. However, high fever can be a sign of infectious mastitis, and may require pharmaceutical intervention.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
How long with the umbilical cord stump generally remain on a newborn?
The stump of the umbilical cord will generally remain for 2-3 weeks after delivery. During that time the stump's coloration will change from blue to black as it dries. Eventually it will fall off much like a healing scab, leaving behind the umbilicus (navel).
Compare your answer with the correct one above
Which of the following might be signs of an umbilical cord stump infection?
An umbilical cord stump will normally turn black and may bleed slightly when it falls off. These are not signs of infection. If, however, there is pus or swelling around the umbilicus, this may be signs of infection and should be further evaluated by a pediatrician. Newborns cry for many different reasons - this is not necessarily a sign of physical illness or infection.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
What is a normal hematocrit for a newborn?
Normal hematocrit in a newborn is 45-65%. This is measured via heel-stick just after delivery. This test is useful in assessing for anemia (suggested by a low hematocrit) and polycythemia (suggested by a hematocrit over 65%).
Compare your answer with the correct one above
Which of the following is not a part of the APGAR score?
The APGAR score is a test of newborn health and physical function, designed to assess a newborn for need of emergency assistance. The factors used to calculate the score are the following:
Compare your answer with the correct one above
Which of the following behaviors would be under the category "grimace" in the APGAR score?
The "grimace" category of the APGAR score actually refers to a wide variety of reflexive behavior. These include sneezing and coughing, crying on stimulation, pulling away, and facial expression.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
You have just calculated a newborn's five minute APGAR score as 5. What is the proper response?
The APGAR scale goes from 0-10. A score of 0-3 would indicate severe depression of function, 4-6 would indicate moderate depression, and 7-10 would be a normal, healthy score. In the case of moderate depression, the newborn should be monitored closely. Immediate emergency intervention may not be required, as healthy neonates can have moderately low APGAR score indicators that improve in the first few hours of life.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
What is a normal heart rate for a newborn two hours postpartum?
A newborn's heart rate is significantly higher than that of an adult. Normal heart rate for a newborn two hours postpartum is 110-160 beats per minute. Heart rate decreases in the first year of life to 80-140 beats per minute.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
A nurse assists in the delivery of a healthy 7 lb, 4 oz infant. Six days later the parents call the clinic with some concern. They state that their daughter has begun to lose weight - she has lost nearly 10 oz since birth, despite breastfeeding regularly. How should the nurse counsel this couple?
It is normal for infants to lose 5-10% of their birth weight in the first seven days of their lives. In a healthy baby, this weight will be regained by the end of their second week. Infants who are born ill or premature may take longer to regain this weight. If an infant has passed the second week of life and it has not returned to or surpassed it's birthweight, the family may need to seek lactation counseling or bring the infant in for further evaluation.
Compare your answer with the correct one above