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What specific enzyme deficiency accounts for 95% of all cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
In 21-hydroxylase deficiency, cortisol production is reduced, which in turn causes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to increase. The precursors for the cortisol are then shunted into androgen production since these are steroids, and are thus derived from cholesterol.
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The postpartum nurse is caring for a family and their new baby, a two day old infant. The baby is "spitting up" following every formula feeding. The nurse may suggest __________.
Typically, the digestive system of a 2-day-old infant can only accommodate 15-30 milliliters of formula comfortably. The infant's stomach will grow considerably over the coming weeks. Frequent spitting up could be due to overfeeding. Before switching formula brands, try decreasing the amount fed at each feeding. Increasing the frequency of feedings may add to this problem. Another possibility, that the infant is feeding too fast, may be corrected by using a "slow-flow" instead of a "soft" or "standard" nipple. "Soft" nipples may be helpful in infants with poor suck or latch. While feeding and directly afterwards, it is advised to keep the infant in a semi-upright position.
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The community health nurse knows that teaching has been effective when the father of a newborn states __________.
Newborns should be placed on their back, in their crib, with nothing else when put to sleep. The crib may contain a fitted sheet or a light blanket. Crib pads, pillows, and stuffed animals are not advised because they may interfere with the child's ability to breathe.
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Hippotherapy has the ability to positively impact children who are cognitively, socially, emotionally, or physically challenged. Which of the following therapies is most closely related to hippotherapy?
Hippotherapy is therapeutic horseback riding for the handicapped. The motion of the horse can help the child develop flexibility and balance. Working with others and animals can help the child cross social and emotional boundaries. A therapy involving animals (pet therapy) is most similar to hippotherapy.
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Jennifer is a 14-year-old patient who has been diagnosed with diphtheria and subsequently, myocarditis. The nurse implements all of the following except __________.
Diphtheria is an illness caused by bacteria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae). It is spread through droplets, requiring droplet precautions. Standard precautions should also be used, as with any patient. Delivery of antitoxin and antibiotics are important to a patient's recovery. Enforcing bedrest is important after a patient has developed myocarditis (inflammation of the heart).
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A community health nurse is giving a presentation on pertussis (whooping cough). He tells his audience that which population is most at risk?
Children under 4 years of age hold the greatest risk of contracting Pertussis and developing serious complications, including death. Pertussis vaccines are recommended for all age groups. Children can start a vaccination series as early as 2 months of age. New parents are encouraged to become vaccinated before their baby arrives to prevent transmission before the infant is eligible for immunization.
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A room designed to accommodate a child with the measles should include which of the following?
Measles is an airborne illness. For that reason, air pressure devices are necessary to prevent the spread of infection. Negative air pressure devices will adequately contain the measles virus because air will flow in to the room as opposed to out. Conversely, positive air pressure devices may be used to create an air flow out of a room in severely immunocompromised patients.
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The school nurse is approached by a 9-year-old boy who is complaining of severe scalp pruritus. Upon closer examination, the nurse concludes that he has a case of head lice (P_ediculosis capitis_). She knows all of the following to be true except __________.
Children and adults with exceptional personal hygiene are equally affected by head lice. The same applies to people of all socioeconomic groups, genders, and nationalities. All of the other options are true nursing interventions for head lice.
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What specific enzyme deficiency accounts for 95% of all cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
In 21-hydroxylase deficiency, cortisol production is reduced, which in turn causes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to increase. The precursors for the cortisol are then shunted into androgen production since these are steroids, and are thus derived from cholesterol.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
The postpartum nurse is caring for a family and their new baby, a two day old infant. The baby is "spitting up" following every formula feeding. The nurse may suggest __________.
Typically, the digestive system of a 2-day-old infant can only accommodate 15-30 milliliters of formula comfortably. The infant's stomach will grow considerably over the coming weeks. Frequent spitting up could be due to overfeeding. Before switching formula brands, try decreasing the amount fed at each feeding. Increasing the frequency of feedings may add to this problem. Another possibility, that the infant is feeding too fast, may be corrected by using a "slow-flow" instead of a "soft" or "standard" nipple. "Soft" nipples may be helpful in infants with poor suck or latch. While feeding and directly afterwards, it is advised to keep the infant in a semi-upright position.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
The community health nurse knows that teaching has been effective when the father of a newborn states __________.
Newborns should be placed on their back, in their crib, with nothing else when put to sleep. The crib may contain a fitted sheet or a light blanket. Crib pads, pillows, and stuffed animals are not advised because they may interfere with the child's ability to breathe.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
Hippotherapy has the ability to positively impact children who are cognitively, socially, emotionally, or physically challenged. Which of the following therapies is most closely related to hippotherapy?
Hippotherapy is therapeutic horseback riding for the handicapped. The motion of the horse can help the child develop flexibility and balance. Working with others and animals can help the child cross social and emotional boundaries. A therapy involving animals (pet therapy) is most similar to hippotherapy.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
Jennifer is a 14-year-old patient who has been diagnosed with diphtheria and subsequently, myocarditis. The nurse implements all of the following except __________.
Diphtheria is an illness caused by bacteria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae). It is spread through droplets, requiring droplet precautions. Standard precautions should also be used, as with any patient. Delivery of antitoxin and antibiotics are important to a patient's recovery. Enforcing bedrest is important after a patient has developed myocarditis (inflammation of the heart).
Compare your answer with the correct one above
A community health nurse is giving a presentation on pertussis (whooping cough). He tells his audience that which population is most at risk?
Children under 4 years of age hold the greatest risk of contracting Pertussis and developing serious complications, including death. Pertussis vaccines are recommended for all age groups. Children can start a vaccination series as early as 2 months of age. New parents are encouraged to become vaccinated before their baby arrives to prevent transmission before the infant is eligible for immunization.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
A room designed to accommodate a child with the measles should include which of the following?
Measles is an airborne illness. For that reason, air pressure devices are necessary to prevent the spread of infection. Negative air pressure devices will adequately contain the measles virus because air will flow in to the room as opposed to out. Conversely, positive air pressure devices may be used to create an air flow out of a room in severely immunocompromised patients.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
The school nurse is approached by a 9-year-old boy who is complaining of severe scalp pruritus. Upon closer examination, the nurse concludes that he has a case of head lice (P_ediculosis capitis_). She knows all of the following to be true except __________.
Children and adults with exceptional personal hygiene are equally affected by head lice. The same applies to people of all socioeconomic groups, genders, and nationalities. All of the other options are true nursing interventions for head lice.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
Which of the following is considered a late sign of hunger in the newborn?
Crying is considered a late sign of hunger. By the time the infant cries, they may be more difficult to console or to feed, especially if breastfeeding. Feed on cue when the infant is rooting, making sucking motions, or when they are frequently bringing their hands to their face or mouth.
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Which of the following terms describes the congenital abnormality of the forebrain in which an infant is born with a diminished brain size?
Microcephaly denotes a congenital abnormality of the forebrain in which an infant is born with a diminished brain size. Potential causes include fetal alcohol syndrome, congenital rubella, and trisomy 18.
The other answers are all examples of congenital forebrain birth defects:
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Anencephaly and other neural tube defects have been linked to maternal deficiency of what nutrient?
Anencephaly and other neural tube defects have been linked to maternal deficiency of folate. This is most likely due to folate's role in methylation and nucleic acid synthesis. The other nutrients listed are all important to maternal health but have no known correlation with neural tube defects such as anencephaly.
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Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is the most common finding on autopsy of newborns with what condition?
Periventricular leukomalacia is the most common finding on autopsy of newborns with cerebral palsy. PVL involves the softening of the brain tissue and subsequent death of the white matter. This is caused by lack of blood flow to the periventricular area of the brain, which results in necrosis and gliosis of brain tissue. Neonates born with PVL are likely to have mental impairment, motor disorders, and compromised vision and hearing. PVL is usually diagnosed with ultrasound of the head. None of the other conditions listed typically present with this finding.
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