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The length of long bones is increased via the hypertrophy and eventual apoptosis of chondrocytes which leave cavities that are then colonized by osteoprogenitor cells. This process is referred to as __________.
Long bones are lengthened during childhood and adolescence via a process referred to as endochondral ossification. In this process, chondrocytes of the growth plate hypertrophy and eventual die, leaving cavities that are then colonized by osteoprogenitor cells. These osteoprogenitor cells then differentiate into osteoblasts, which mineralize the newly forming bone. None of the other answers are actual processes in bone formation or physiology.
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Which of the following lists the zones of endochondral ossification in the correct order?
There are five distinct zones in regions of endochondral ossification. These are the resting zone, the zone of proliferation, the zone of maturation, the zone of calcification, and the zone of ossification.
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In what zone of endochondral ossification do the chondrocytes typically die off, leaving cavities for colonization by osteoprogenitor cells?
The behavior of cells in the zones of endochondral ossification is as follows:
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In regards to bone marrow, "red marrow" is primarily made up of ___________ cells, while "yellow marrow" is primarily made up of ___________ cells.
Variation in color of bone marrow cells is not related to their level of activity, calcification, or the types of blood cells they produce. Rather, "red marrow" is primarily hematopoietic cells (both red and white progenitor cells) while "yellow marrow" is primarily composed of fat cells.
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Which of the following is not a common site of hematopoietic bone marrow in an adult?
In adults, hematopoietic bone marrow is generally confined to the flat bones, including the sternum, the skull, the ribs, and the pelvis. Hematopoietic bone marrow also exists in the proximal end of the femur in most adults, but is not generally found in the tibia or fibula.
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Muscle is attached to the periosteum of bone via which of the following?
Muscle attaches to bone via tendons, fibrous extensions of the sheath of the muscle body that are primarily composed of tightly packed collagen fibers. In comparison, ligaments attach bones to other bones without involvement with a muscle, such as the ligaments between the metacarpals of the wrist. Sutures are fibrous joints of the cranium, and hyaline cartilage is at the point of articulation of many bones but it is neither incorporated into muscle structure, nor does it attach to the bone with which it articulates. Rather, articular cartilage primarily serves to allow bones to glide more easily over each other during movement.
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Calcium is required for all of the following except __________.
Calcium is essential for many processes of the body, including but not limited to nerve conduction, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and bone mineralization.
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Which of the following mineral gives bone it's rigid structure?
The rigid structure of bone is created by hydroxyapatite, a calcium apatite that contains both calcium and phosphate in the formula:Ca5(PO4)3(OH). Both calcium and phosphate are necessary to create bone structure—a deficiency of either will degrade the structural integrity of the bone matrix. Last, collagen is a protein rather than a mineral, and primarily functions to add flexibility to bone in order to prevent fracture.
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Bones are made up of which of the following three tissue types?
Bones are made up of the following three primary tissue types:
I: Cortical bone, which is the hard exterior layer (also referred to as "compact bone);
II: Cancellous bone, which is the porous bone tissue that fills the center of bones (also referred to as "spongy bone" or "trabecular" bone tissue); and
III: Bone marrow, a hematopoietic tissue that fills spaces in trabecular bone.
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Which of the following cells is responsible for depositing hydroxyapatite into bone matrix?
Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for the deposition of hydroxyapatite into bone matrix. In addition to hydroxyapatite, they synthesize collagen, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. Osteocytes are undifferentiated osteoblasts, while osteoclast cells function in opposition to osteoblasts by removal of mineralization from the bony matrix. Myelocytes and normoblasts are both hematopoietic cells of the bone marrow and do not take part in bone mineralization.
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Which of the following is the term for the functional unit of compact bone?
The functional unit of compact bone is the osteon. The osteon is formed by concentric layers of compact bone called lamellae. These surround a central canal called the haversian canal. Trabeculae are the functional units of cancellous (spongy) bone.
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Which of the following is in the haversian canal?
The haversian canal allows capillaries and nerves to pass through the cortical bone to nourish osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts. Both the white and the red bone marrow are contained within trabecular bone, while the periosteum is a thin, highly innervated membrane on the outside of bone.
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Growth in long bones must occur at the __________.
Growth in long bones occurs at the epiphyseal plate, a region of hyaline cartilage at the metaphysis of the bone. In adolescents and children, cartilage cells are ossified by osteoblasts to increase bone length. Once adulthood is reached, the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line at the junction of the epiphysis and the diaphysis (the center of the bone). The diaphysis and epiphysis themselves are composed of mature ossified bone and do not proliferate (they are simply added to by transformation of cells in the epiphyseal plate). A suture is a fibrous joint of the cranium and does not contribute to the development of long bones.
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The length of long bones is increased via the hypertrophy and eventual apoptosis of chondrocytes which leave cavities that are then colonized by osteoprogenitor cells. This process is referred to as __________.
Long bones are lengthened during childhood and adolescence via a process referred to as endochondral ossification. In this process, chondrocytes of the growth plate hypertrophy and eventual die, leaving cavities that are then colonized by osteoprogenitor cells. These osteoprogenitor cells then differentiate into osteoblasts, which mineralize the newly forming bone. None of the other answers are actual processes in bone formation or physiology.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
Which of the following lists the zones of endochondral ossification in the correct order?
There are five distinct zones in regions of endochondral ossification. These are the resting zone, the zone of proliferation, the zone of maturation, the zone of calcification, and the zone of ossification.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
In what zone of endochondral ossification do the chondrocytes typically die off, leaving cavities for colonization by osteoprogenitor cells?
The behavior of cells in the zones of endochondral ossification is as follows:
Compare your answer with the correct one above
In regards to bone marrow, "red marrow" is primarily made up of ___________ cells, while "yellow marrow" is primarily made up of ___________ cells.
Variation in color of bone marrow cells is not related to their level of activity, calcification, or the types of blood cells they produce. Rather, "red marrow" is primarily hematopoietic cells (both red and white progenitor cells) while "yellow marrow" is primarily composed of fat cells.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
Which of the following is not a common site of hematopoietic bone marrow in an adult?
In adults, hematopoietic bone marrow is generally confined to the flat bones, including the sternum, the skull, the ribs, and the pelvis. Hematopoietic bone marrow also exists in the proximal end of the femur in most adults, but is not generally found in the tibia or fibula.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
Muscle is attached to the periosteum of bone via which of the following?
Muscle attaches to bone via tendons, fibrous extensions of the sheath of the muscle body that are primarily composed of tightly packed collagen fibers. In comparison, ligaments attach bones to other bones without involvement with a muscle, such as the ligaments between the metacarpals of the wrist. Sutures are fibrous joints of the cranium, and hyaline cartilage is at the point of articulation of many bones but it is neither incorporated into muscle structure, nor does it attach to the bone with which it articulates. Rather, articular cartilage primarily serves to allow bones to glide more easily over each other during movement.
Compare your answer with the correct one above
Calcium is required for all of the following except __________.
Calcium is essential for many processes of the body, including but not limited to nerve conduction, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and bone mineralization.
Compare your answer with the correct one above