The basement membrane that separates the glomerular capillary from Bowman's capsule is negatively charged. What is the purpose of this?

Which of the following correctly depicts the order of liquid waste elimination?

Listed below are four structures that participate in urine storage and elimination.

1. Ureter

2. Urethra

3. Renal pelvis

4. Bladder

Which of the following is the correct order of urine flow after it exits the collecting duct?

A certain individual is born with a mutation that resulted in the lack of a bladder. How will this affect the individual?

The interaction between blood pressure and kidney function in humans requires coordination by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). This system involves the dynamic interplay of the kidneys, lungs, and blood vessels to carefully regulate sodium and water balance.

A normal human kidney has cells adjacent to the glomerulus called juxtaglomerular cells. These cells sense sodium content in urine of the distal convoluted tubule, releasing renin in response to a low level. Renin is an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (AI). AI is converted to angiotensin II (AII) by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the lung.

AII stimulates aldosterone secretion in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland. Aldosterone then acts to upregulate the sodium-potassium pump on the basolateral side of distal tubule epithelial cells to increase sodium reabsorption from the urine, as well as increasing potassium excretion.

After exiting the nephron, urine is transported to the urinary bladder by which structure?

Which of the following is not true of the function and/or structure of the rectum?

The process of excretion officially begins after the collecting duct since the collecting duct is the last point of reabsorption.

Urine passes through all of the following structures except the __________.

Kidney stones are crystals that most commonly form from calcium and uric acid. They are typically found in the ureters, but they can form in the calyces, the collecting ducts, or even in the nephrons themselves. Suppose an obstructive kidney stone is found in a nephron. Which of the following would occur?