Using Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots to Identify Synonyms - ISEE Lower Level Verbal Reasoning

In the word "enrage," the prefix "en-" means into and is derived from French. So, the word “enrage” means make angry. The answer choice closest in meaning to "enrage" is “infuriate.” Notice how the word “enrage” has the root _"_rage" in it and the word “infuriate” has the root "fury" in it; "rage" and "fury" both mean intense anger. To provide further help, “toss” means throw when used as a verb or a throw when used as a noun; “equate” means compare to as being equal; “jest” means joke when used as a noun or as a verb; and “remedy” means fix or make better when used as a verb, and something that fixes a problem when used as a noun.

“Lawful” means allowed or within the law so “unlawful” must mean not allowed or not within the law. “Illegal” is the closest synonym. To provide further help, “despite” means regardless of something; a “famine” is a massive scarcity of food; “malevolent” means bad-natured and “benevolent” means good-natured.

The word "renewal" clearly is made up of two parts: (1) the prefix "re-" and (2) the base "newal." The prefix "re-" here means again, as in "repeat" and "recognize." (To "re-cognize" is to know something again—to know that person is, for example, your friend Sally, whom you know.)

A "renewal" is a making new again. It is a return to a more vibrant time or state of affairs. To "renew" wedding vows is to make them again, with the intent of living them more fully. A religious "renewal" is a return to more dedicated religious practice. Among the options provided, do not be tempted by the trick answer "return." Yes, every "renewal" could be said to be a return to the best times or to devotion. However, a "renewal" is even better said to be a "revival," which literally means "returning to life." The "-vival" portion is related to the Latin for life or to live and is found in words like "survive" and "vivacious."

The word "ecstatic" literally comes from root words meaning standing outside of oneself. The "ec-" at the beginning is like the "ex-" at the beginning of "exit." Generally speaking, the "ex-" prefix means out of. The "-static" portion is related to "stand." The word "statue" has the same root in it—it is a "standing memorial" to someone or something.

When someone is "ecstatic," he or she is so joyful that he or she is "beside himself or herself." That folksy way of putting it means, "He or she is extremely joyful." Many of our options speak of being happy or cheerful. It might be tempting to pick these or, indeed, to pick "crazy"—an ecstatic person can act very crazily in his or her joy. However, the best description of ecstatic emotion is "overjoyed." This is best expressed by the word "elated," which means very happy.

The word "endanger" is composed of two parts: "en-danger." The "en-" prefix is a form of the "in-" prefix that, unsurprisingly, means in or into. Therefore, the word "endanger" could be read as meaning to place into danger or a dangerous situation. The general idea of "endangering" someone or something is to put that thing at risk for being harmed or even killed. When we talk of "endangered species," these are species that are at a serious risk of being completely wiped out from existence. Extinction is their total death—none being left alive.

To endanger something is to put it at risk or into danger. This is not the same as "extinguishing" something. In fact, "extinguishing" something is more like making it to be extinct than endangering it. Certainly, "preserve" and "defend" cannot be correct, for they are opposites of "endanger." Therefore, "imperil" is the best option. The word "imperil" itself has the "in-" prefix, though it is in the form "im-". To "im-peril" something is to put it into danger. ("Peril" is a serious danger. A "perilous" situation is one that is very dangerous.)

The word "exotic" comes from Greek roots basically meaning foreign or from the outside. The prefix "ex-", meaning out of, might hint this to you. We often use "exotic" to describe things like islands in the Pacific and the many flowers that we find on such islands. However, this is really a secondary use of the term, for these plants are called exotic precisely because they are foreign and generally unknown. Therefore, do not be tricked by words like "elegant," "beautiful," and "classy," which might seem to be appropriate for "exotic" things. The best option is the simple "foreign," which describes the main and primary meaning of "exotic."

The word "forecast" is something like a copy of "predict," though the words are not exactly the same. The prefix "fore-" means before or prior to. Something in the "foreground" is in the front of a picture or scene as opposed to the "background." A "forecast" is something that looks to see what will happen before it actually happens. A weather forecaster is someone who makes such predictions about the weather.

The word "predict" has the prefix "pre-," which also means before. The "-dict" portion of the word comes from roots meaning to speak or say. To "pre-dict" is to "say before"—that is, to speak about an event before it occurs. Thus, it is a good synonym for "forecast." Indeed, it is basically its definition!

The word "preamble" is composed of two parts. The prefix "pre-" means before—as you likely know from words like "precede" and, of course, "prefix." The "-amble" portion is a bit rarer. It comes from the Latin for to walk and is found in words like "amble" and "ambulatory." (The latter means able to walk.) The "preamble" of a document is the beginning portion—the part that "walks before" the rest of the document. It is the "introduction" to the document. It does not necessarily outline or explain the document, though it can. Primarily, what it means to be a "preamble" is to be an introduction or a beginning to a text.

Even if you have never seen the word "polychromatic," you can find the correct answer by breaking the word into parts. Notice the prefix, "poly-," that precedes "chromatic." "Poly-" is a Greek prefix that means "many." Have you ever heard of a "polygon," or a closed shape formed of many line segments? Or the lesser-known term "polyglot," referring to a speaker of many languages? It can also help to know that "chromatic" refers to color or hue. As for the incorrect answers, "rare" means unusual, "livid" means furiously angry, and "malevolent" describes someone who has evil or cruel intentions. Lastly, a "porous" object is one with many holes.

Though you may not be familiar with this word, you've almost certainly seen the prefix "in-" many times. Just think of the words "incapable" (not capable), "insufficient" (not sufficient), or even "inexplicable" (not able to be explained). As these examples show, the addition of "in-" to a root word generally gives it an opposite meaning. Now, the only step left is to look at "-equity," a word that refers to equality or sameness. "Inequity," then, is inequality or "unfairness," which is the correct answer choice. "Equality" is the opposite of the choice we're looking for, while "benefit," "quality," and "relaxation" are not relevant.

An "antonym" is a word that has a meaning that is the opposite of another word. (This makes sense, given that the word "antonym" is derived from the Greek prefix "anti," which can mean opposite of, and "-onym," which is from the Greek for name.) Therefore, the synonym for this word would be "opposite."Both words mean the same thing, although "antonym"is used specifically for defining the meanings of words. All the other answer choices are not related to the concept of opposites and are therefore incorrect.

The prefix "ex-" means outside of, so it makes sense that the word “exterior” means the outside of something. It is the opposite of “interior,” which means the inside of something. The "opposition" is the people who disagree with you or your group, taken as a whole.

The prefix "in-" means not, and "sane" means mentally stable and healthy, so it makes sense that "insane" means not mentally stable and healthy, or "crazy." As for the other answer choices, “intelligent” means smart, and “exuberant” means lively and excited.

The prefix "im-" can mean into, so it makes sense that "immigrant" means someone who moves to a new country. "Settler" is thus the answer choice closest in meaning to "immigrant." As for the other answer choices, a “native” is someone who was born and raised in the place in which they live; “commerce” is trade or the buying and selling things; “pinnacle” means the high point of something or the peak of accomplishment; and a "traveler" is a tourist, nomad, or wanderer.

The prefix "re-" means again or new and "locate" means find or position, so it makes sense that "relocate" means move to a new place. As for the other answer choices, "assume” means think you know something without evidence; “crave” means want; “create” means make; and "explain" means give reasons for an action or decision.

The prefix "over-" means excessively, so “overconfident” means excessively confident, or "arrogant." As for the other answer choices, “meek” means shy and quiet; “cantankerous” means grumpy, angry, and easily annoyed; “quaint” means old-fashioned and charming; and "rude" means disrespectful.

The prefix "mid-" means middle, so it makes sense that "midway" through something is "halfway" through it. As for the other answer choices, “period” is a specific length of time or a time in history, like the Revolutionary period in the United States. “Length” is how long something is. A “coastline” is the part of a country that touches the sea.

The prefix "non-" means not or without, so "nonsense" means not making any sense when used as an adjective and writing or speech that doesn't make any sense, or "gibberish," when used as a noun. As for the other answer choices, "standard” means normal or typical; “logical” means making sense according to logical principles; “profound” means great, intense, or significant and refers to emotions; and "fantastic" means imaginary or of very high quality.

When used as a verb, "function" means work. The prefix "mal_-"_ means bad, so if something “malfunctions,” it stops working, works incorrectly, or breaks. "Break" is thus the correct answer. As for the other answer choices, “repair” means fix; "overlook" means miss some detail when considering the bigger picture, "trace" means outline or track down; and "mechanize" means begin to use machines to do something that previously wasn't done by machines.