Immune System - Human Anatomy and Physiology

During endothelial cell retraction, gaps form between the cells as their cytoskeletons are rearranged to decrease the cell's area. This is a result of histamine, which causes increased vascular permeability; endothelial cell retraction allows fluids to pass between the cells, contributing to the inflammatory effects of histamine.

An ELISA test would best look at antigens present in serum by using secondary antibodies to bind to antigen-antibody complex and change color, showing if an antigen is present. DNA microarray would just show genes activated. Precipitation and agglutination reactions are not as sensitive as ELISA.

Neutrophils are responsible for destroying bacteria, eosinophils respond to parasitic worms and allergens, lymphocytes destroy cancerous or infected cells, and monocytes phagocytize pathogens and debris.

Mast cell functions in allergic responses by release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation. Macrophages are part of the innate immune system and function to engulf and remove debris. Neutrophils are also part of the innate immune system and have macrophagic properties, especially when fighting bacterial infection. Natural killer cells bind to and destroy pathogens without the use of antigens.

Calor—or redness—is associated with increased blood flow, which can result from inflammation. During an inflammation response, histamine release results in vasodilation and increased bloodflow, which can cause the infalmmed area to appear red.

Opportunistic microbiota can form biofilms and affect patients who are immunocompromised, suchs as someone with AIDS or a chronic illness.

Resident microbiota are always present in the body and frequently have mutualistic relationships with their human hosts. Transient microbiota are present at some times, but absent at others. Pathogens affect healthy individuals, as well as those who may be immunocompromised.

Mast cells are perhaps the best-known producers of histamine. Basophils also release histamine and contribute to the inflammatory response, while platelets are also capable of releasing histamine. Neutrophils are best-known for their phagocytic properties, and do not produce histamine.

There are two primary types of pressure: hydrostatic pressure is the result of fluid volume pressing on a physical boundary, while oncotic pressure is the pulling force of protein concentrations causing watter diffuse across a membrane. During an inflammation response, fluid is allowed to leak out of arterioles and capillaries resulting in increased hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium. Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitium.

All the other answers cause fluid to return to the vessel, rather than exit it.

NSAIDs inhibit COX-1, inhibiting the formation of prostanglandins.

Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown cause that leads to inflammation. The immune cells that cause inflammation do not dissipate and instead, create clusters called granulomas. Not all cases of sarcoidosis require treatment.

MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It is often seen in hospitals or long term care facilities. It can be treated using other antibiotics or is sometimes drained and left to heal without other intervention.

Africa sleeping sickness, also known as African trypanosomosis, is caused by a parasite. The parasite, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, is carried by the Tsetse fly. The fly bite is the mechanism for the parasite entering the body. There are two variations of sleeping sickness, East African and West African.

African Sleeping Sickness, caused by a parasite spread by the Tsetse Fly, has several symptoms that appear about 1-3 weeks after being bitten by the fly. The most common symptoms are fevers, extreme fatigue, muscle aches, irritability, swollen lymph nodes, and severe headaches.