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Which white blood cell type will notably increase during allergies and parasitic infections?
The white blood cells are typically categorized into several major types. Each of these types have specific roles in the body, and their proportions will change during specific body conditions. Basophils are used to dilate blood vessels by releasing histamine and eosinophils become elevated during parasitic infections and allergy season. Neutrophils play an important role in recruiting other immune cells to damaged tissues. Lymphocytes include B-cells and T-cells and are involved in the adaptive immune response. Monocytes are the preliminary cells that differentiate into macrophages, which are involved in non-specific phagocytosis.
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Which of the following leukocytes is NOT a granulocyte?
White blood cells can be classified by whether or not they have granules in their cytoplasm (granulocytes and agranulocytes). There are three types of granulocytes, and all of them end in the suffix "-phil." Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are considered granulocytes. Lymphocytes are agranulocytes, and do not have granules present in their cytoplasm.
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What is the purpose of basophils?
Basophils are part of the innate immunity, and are a key player for stimulating inflammation. Basophils release histamine, which dilates blood vessels and increases the permeability of capillaries. This allows an infection to be walled off in the affected area and helps other white blood cells migrate to the area.
Eosinphils are involved in parasitic immunity and allergic reactions. Neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes are responsible for phagocytosing foreign pathogens. B-lymphocytes release antibodies against a specific antigen.
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
Polymorphonuclear cells are the first cells that typically migrate to the site of infection. They are central in phagocytosing invading pathogens. Once ingested, pathogens are killed via the generation of hyper-reactive oxygen radicals. Which of the following is most likely to mediate the first step in radical oxidation in these cells?
NADPH oxidase is the first enzyme that can be expected to generate radicals from molecular oxygen. Once the radicals have been generated, they react with another enzyme to generate hydrogen peroxide, a more stable molecule. This generation of a stable intermediate protects the polymorphonuclear cell itself from damage.
The final step mediated by myeloperoxidase generates hypochlorite, or bleach, that ultimately kills the ingested pathogens.
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
In contrast to adaptive immunity, innate immunity mounts both active and passive responses to potential infections. Which of the following would least likely be included among relevant cell types for the innate immune system?
The innate immune system includes structures that prevent infection, as well as those that take on a non-specific, but active role. A macrophage would be a good example of a non-specific, active innate immune cell. The remainder of the options, with the exception of a neuron, are also preventive structures. Epithelial cells form a barrier to the outside, potentially contaminated environment. Microglia are monocyte-derived, macrophage-like cells in the central nervous system. Astrocytes form the blood-brain barrier, preventing potentially infectious material in the blood from getting to the central nervous system. As neurons lie behind this barrier, they would play the least important role in any kind of innate immunity.
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
Mutations in the enzyme superoxide dismutase have been implicated in cases of amyothrophic lateral sclerosis. This enzyme is part of the radical burst reaction, and is most likely found in which cells?
Superoxide dismutase is in the same radical pathway that involves NADPH oxidase. As a result, it is most likely to be found in nonspecific cells of the innate immune system, such as polymorphonuclear cells.
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Which of the following is involved in the innate immune system?
C3b is involved in coating bacteria to tag them for degradation by phagosomes, and is activated by the complement system. The alternative complement pathway is activated during innate immunity and activates C3b.
All B-cells are involved in adaptive immunity, including memory B-cells and plasma cells (which as derived from B-cells). C1qrs is involved in the classical complement pathway, but requires antibody-antigen interaction from the adapative immune system.
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Which of the following is not involved in phagocytosis?
Plasma cells are the only answer option that is not involved with phagocytosis. Plasma cells are derived from B-cells and serve as the primary source of antibody production during the adaptive immune response.
C3b coats bacteria so that macrophages target them for ingestion. Neutrophils are also capable of causing cell lysis and phagocytosis.
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Which of the following cells is not part of the innate immune system?
The innate immune system is the non-specific immune system that you are born with. Cells of the innate immune system include mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils (and other white cells), natural killer cells, and complement (a group of proteins found in the blood). The B cells are associated with the adaptive immune system, producing antibodies, and providing a memory component of the immune system. The innate immune system does not have a memory component.
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Which of the following describes mast cells?
A mast cell is similar to a basophil in that their granules, which contain histamine and heparin, produce inflammation when released. Also, mast cells play a role in angiogenesis during wound healing. A T-cell is a cell that targets infected cells to destroy. Plasma cells are antibody-producing cells. B-cells form plasma and antibodies in response to specific antigens.
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What is the purpose of mast cells?
Mast cells contain granules which are released to cause inflammation and attract other cells to the area. B-cells that form plasma cells and antibodies when a specific antigen is recognized. Dendritic cells are those that process proteins in lymph fluid, they have long "arms." Macrophages are the cells that engulf and consume cell debris or infectious organisms.
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Which of the following is not a cell of innate immunity?
B-lymphocytes are part of the adaptive immunity system, they create plasma cells and antibodies when they recognize a specific antigen. Monocytes are what macrophages are before they leave the bloodstream. Basophils contain granules of histamine which produce an inflammation response when released. Natural killer cells attack infected or cancerous cells.
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Which of the following cell types produces antibodies?
B-cells are stimulated by antigens, which in turn leads to antibody production. Antibodies then are used to neutralize invaders or tag them for destruction. T-cells are divided into helper T-cells, killer T-cells, regulatory T-cells types. Natural killer cells destroy cells that have become infected with pathogens and additionally also cancer cells. Basophils are a type of granulocyte that are active in allergic and inflammatory responses.
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Leukocytopenia is defined as which of the following?
The suffix "-penia" in medical terminology is used to signify a deficiency. This means that the amount is abnormally low. The prefix "leuko-" can also be found in the word leukocytes, which is another word for white blood cells. As a result, leukocytopenia means abnormally low white blood cell levels.
Erythropenia is a condition in which erythrocyte counts (red blood cells) are low.
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Which of the following is not an example of innate immunity in the body?
Innate immunity is a generalized defense system against invading pathogens and foreign materials. In other words, these defenses are already found in the body and do not need to see a pathogen before becoming present. Plasma cells arise from B-lymphocytes, and must interact with an antigen from a pathogen in order to proliferate in the body.
Skin, stomach acid, and granulocytes (such as neutrophils) are constant presences in the body that help defend against pathogens.
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Which of the following does not limit bacterial growth?
Increased nutrient availability would increase bacterial cell growth, while all the other answers decrease ability of bacteria to grow in culture.
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Which of the following is not a part of innate immunity?
The immune system consists of two components, the innate (non-specific) and the adaptive (specific) arms. These components work together to prevent infection, clear established infections, and to protect against disease or foreign bodies. The innate (non-specific) system consists of barriers, the complement cascade, and other specialized cells. Barriers include saliva, tears, skin, mucous linings, stomach acid, and "good" gut bacteria (this outcompetes bad bacteria).
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A woman is admitted to the hospital in serious need of a blood transfusion. The woman is determined to have B negative blood.
Which of the following blood types can be transfused safely into the patient?
Since the woman is B negative, she makes antibodies against A blood as well as Rh positive blood. This means that blood that has either A or positive antigens cannot be transfused. Type O blood does not carry any surface antigens. If the blood is O negative, it can safely be transfused into a B negative patient.
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
Neoplasms of the immune system are often classified by which surface proteins are present on rapidly dividing cells. A physician is evaluating a patient with a B-cell lymphoma. Which of the following normally present surface proteins is most likley used as a marker for a B-cell lymphoma?
CD19, CD20, and CD21 are all normal B-cell surface proteins and can thus be used as markers for B-cell lymphomas.
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
The innate immune system is usually the first system to respond to invading pathogens. As part of its initial response, innate immune cells must leave the circulation and enter the peripheral tissues where pathogens are present. The process by which immune cells leave the circulation is first initiated by adhesion proteins that make cells stick to the side of blood vessel walls, before they cross the vessel and enter the periphery. Which of the following proteins is most likely involved in mediating adhesion?
All of these options, except ICAM-1, are soluble mediators that drive different elements of immune response. These soluble mediators are more like cytokines than is ICAM-1, which is a structural adhesin that facilitates polymorphonuclear cells sticking to the side of blood vessels. This neutrophil margination is the first step toward diapedesis, or the crossing of the cells into the peripheral tissue to carry out their function.
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