Musculoskeletal System - High School Biology
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Which bone cell is responsible for resorbing bone matrix and releasing calcium into the blood?
Which bone cell is responsible for resorbing bone matrix and releasing calcium into the blood?
Osteogenic cells are a type of stem cell that differentiate into osteoblasts, which allow bone to form. Eventually, osteoblasts will become enveloped into the bone matrix and differentiate into osteocytes. Osteoclasts have the opposite function of osteoblasts, and are responsible for the resorption of bone matrix. This releases calcium into the bloodstream by breaking down bone.
Osteogenic cells are a type of stem cell that differentiate into osteoblasts, which allow bone to form. Eventually, osteoblasts will become enveloped into the bone matrix and differentiate into osteocytes. Osteoclasts have the opposite function of osteoblasts, and are responsible for the resorption of bone matrix. This releases calcium into the bloodstream by breaking down bone.
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Red blood cell development takes place in what structure in bones?
Red blood cell development takes place in what structure in bones?
Red bone marrow is found in the epiphyses, or ends of long bones. It is the site of hematopoiesis, or red blood cell development.
Yellow bone marrow is primarily composed of fat. Osteons are the functional units of bone, and house the cells that build and break down the bony matrix. Cartilage is found on the articular surfaces of bone, and helps provide support for joints.
Red bone marrow is found in the epiphyses, or ends of long bones. It is the site of hematopoiesis, or red blood cell development.
Yellow bone marrow is primarily composed of fat. Osteons are the functional units of bone, and house the cells that build and break down the bony matrix. Cartilage is found on the articular surfaces of bone, and helps provide support for joints.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
The skeletal system has a variety of functions, including protecting internal organs, storing minerals and energy molecules, and assisting in movement.
The production of heat, however, is a function of the muscular system.
The skeletal system has a variety of functions, including protecting internal organs, storing minerals and energy molecules, and assisting in movement.
The production of heat, however, is a function of the muscular system.
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Which of the following is a primary function of bone marrow?
Which of the following is a primary function of bone marrow?
Bone marrow is the major producer of blood cells, including most of those in the immune system.
The other answer options listed are functions of the bones in the skeletal system, but are not directly linked to the bone marrow. The skeletal system stores calcium and phosphorus, which in turn make the bones strong. Bones can complement to liver to detoxify blood by removing metals such as lead and radium. Muscles attach to bones and generate movement. The skull protects the brain. The rib cage protects the heart and lungs.
Bone marrow is the major producer of blood cells, including most of those in the immune system.
The other answer options listed are functions of the bones in the skeletal system, but are not directly linked to the bone marrow. The skeletal system stores calcium and phosphorus, which in turn make the bones strong. Bones can complement to liver to detoxify blood by removing metals such as lead and radium. Muscles attach to bones and generate movement. The skull protects the brain. The rib cage protects the heart and lungs.
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Ligaments connect __________.
Ligaments connect __________.
Ligaments are made of dense connective tissue and connect bone to bone. Have you ever sprained your ankle? Chances are you partially or fully tore some ligaments in your ankle. Unfortunately, ligaments do not heal very well since there is almost no blood supply to them, and instead lay down scar tissue. Tendons connect bone to muscle. Muscles are already attached to tendons.
Ligaments are made of dense connective tissue and connect bone to bone. Have you ever sprained your ankle? Chances are you partially or fully tore some ligaments in your ankle. Unfortunately, ligaments do not heal very well since there is almost no blood supply to them, and instead lay down scar tissue. Tendons connect bone to muscle. Muscles are already attached to tendons.
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What is the function of osteoclasts?
What is the function of osteoclasts?
Osteoclasts are cells that resorb, or destroy bone, and are found in lacunae of bones. Since one of the functions of bone is storage of minerals, if the mineral content of the blood drops below the set point, osteoclasts are recruited. They break down bone, releasing the minerals into the blood. Osteoblasts do the opposite. If the levels of minerals in the blood are higher than the set point, osteoblasts will take them and convert them into bone via a process called bone formation, or ossification.
Osteoclasts are cells that resorb, or destroy bone, and are found in lacunae of bones. Since one of the functions of bone is storage of minerals, if the mineral content of the blood drops below the set point, osteoclasts are recruited. They break down bone, releasing the minerals into the blood. Osteoblasts do the opposite. If the levels of minerals in the blood are higher than the set point, osteoblasts will take them and convert them into bone via a process called bone formation, or ossification.
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What type of bone cell is active during the formation of new bone and during the production of bone during bone remodeling?
What type of bone cell is active during the formation of new bone and during the production of bone during bone remodeling?
There are actually only three types of bone cells: osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are the "builders" (think "blasts build") and are responsible for laying down new bone for the constant bone remodeling that goes on throughout all your life as well as initial bone growth. Osteoclasts are the opposite of osteoblasts and are also active in bone remodeling by taking old bone away (think "clasts kill"). Osteocytes are the third and final type that are inactive and are found in individual lacunae (think "cytes sit"). Chondrocytes are cartilage cells.
There are actually only three types of bone cells: osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are the "builders" (think "blasts build") and are responsible for laying down new bone for the constant bone remodeling that goes on throughout all your life as well as initial bone growth. Osteoclasts are the opposite of osteoblasts and are also active in bone remodeling by taking old bone away (think "clasts kill"). Osteocytes are the third and final type that are inactive and are found in individual lacunae (think "cytes sit"). Chondrocytes are cartilage cells.
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Which of the following cells are responsible for breaking and absorbing bone?
Which of the following cells are responsible for breaking and absorbing bone?
Osteoclasts break bone and cause calcium to be reabsorbed into the blood stream whereas osteoblasts lay foundations for new bone mineralization.
Osteoclasts break bone and cause calcium to be reabsorbed into the blood stream whereas osteoblasts lay foundations for new bone mineralization.
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What is the name of a muscle that assists another muscle by stabilizing or positioning the surrounding bones?
What is the name of a muscle that assists another muscle by stabilizing or positioning the surrounding bones?
During muscle contraction, the muscle deemed the agonist will contract while the antagonist will stretch. The agonist will cause the primary action and the antagonist would cause an opposite action. Synergists assist the agonist by stabilizing the origin bone, which facilitates movements and posture.
For example, the biceps brachii (agonist) is used to flex the arm, while the triceps brachii (antagonist) is used to straighten the arm. The brachialis is also used to flex the arm, but in a different way, making it a synergist to the biceps brachii.
Tendons are separate from muscle, and are used to secure a muscle attachment to bone.
During muscle contraction, the muscle deemed the agonist will contract while the antagonist will stretch. The agonist will cause the primary action and the antagonist would cause an opposite action. Synergists assist the agonist by stabilizing the origin bone, which facilitates movements and posture.
For example, the biceps brachii (agonist) is used to flex the arm, while the triceps brachii (antagonist) is used to straighten the arm. The brachialis is also used to flex the arm, but in a different way, making it a synergist to the biceps brachii.
Tendons are separate from muscle, and are used to secure a muscle attachment to bone.
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In sarcomeres, the thick filament is composed of which protein?
In sarcomeres, the thick filament is composed of which protein?
Sarcomeres are composed of thick and thin filaments. The thin filament is composed of polymerized actin, while the thick filament is composed of myosin. Titin is a protein that spans the full range of the sarcomere, and is involved in stability and elasticity in the muscle. Collagen is not a primary component of sarcomeres.
Sarcomeres are composed of thick and thin filaments. The thin filament is composed of polymerized actin, while the thick filament is composed of myosin. Titin is a protein that spans the full range of the sarcomere, and is involved in stability and elasticity in the muscle. Collagen is not a primary component of sarcomeres.
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Which statement is incorrect in describing sliding filament theory?
Which statement is incorrect in describing sliding filament theory?
The sliding filament theory describes the mechanism that allows muscles to contract. According to this theory, myosin (a motor protein) binds to actin. The myosin then alters its configuration, resulting in a "stroke" that pulls on the actin filament and causes it to slide across the myosin filament. The overall process shortens the sarcomere structure, but does not change the actual length of either filament.
The sliding filament theory describes the mechanism that allows muscles to contract. According to this theory, myosin (a motor protein) binds to actin. The myosin then alters its configuration, resulting in a "stroke" that pulls on the actin filament and causes it to slide across the myosin filament. The overall process shortens the sarcomere structure, but does not change the actual length of either filament.
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Muscles require a supply of ATP in order to contract. What function is enabled by the release of energy from ATP?
Muscles require a supply of ATP in order to contract. What function is enabled by the release of energy from ATP?
In the sliding filament theory, myosin heads attach to an actin filament, bend to pull the actin filaments closer together, then release, reattach, and pull again. Energy from ATP is required for the myosin head to release from the actin filament—otherwise the myosin heads would remain in the same place, and the muscle would not contract. Even though the filaments are moving, the filaments themselves never actually get shorter or longer.
When ATP stores are depleted, myosin becomes incapable of detaching from actin, and the muscle remains in a taut, flexed state. This is the cause of rigor mortis.
In the sliding filament theory, myosin heads attach to an actin filament, bend to pull the actin filaments closer together, then release, reattach, and pull again. Energy from ATP is required for the myosin head to release from the actin filament—otherwise the myosin heads would remain in the same place, and the muscle would not contract. Even though the filaments are moving, the filaments themselves never actually get shorter or longer.
When ATP stores are depleted, myosin becomes incapable of detaching from actin, and the muscle remains in a taut, flexed state. This is the cause of rigor mortis.
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In order for muscle contraction to occur, what molecules/ions must be readily available?
In order for muscle contraction to occur, what molecules/ions must be readily available?
The correct answer is ATP and calcium ions. Myosin head activation to form a cross-bridge with actin requires ATP, and the cleavage of ATP to ADP + Pi contracts the myosin head and pulls the actin. Calcium is required to expose actin binding sites for myosin in conjunction with troponin.
The correct answer is ATP and calcium ions. Myosin head activation to form a cross-bridge with actin requires ATP, and the cleavage of ATP to ADP + Pi contracts the myosin head and pulls the actin. Calcium is required to expose actin binding sites for myosin in conjunction with troponin.
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When is ATP required for muscles according to the sliding filament theory?
When is ATP required for muscles according to the sliding filament theory?
The myosin head will hydrolyze the 
. Being bound to ADP, this allows the myosin head to form crossbridges by binding to actin. As ADP detaches from the myosin head, the head will produce the power stroke motion, where the myosin heads will rotate toward the sarcomeres. The myosin head will be locked in this position, attached to the actin, until another ATP molecule comes and attaches to the myosin head. This will allow the head to detach from actin and reorient itself to complete the process again.
The myosin head will hydrolyze the
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