Chemicals

Light

Vibrations

Gravity

Sound

Protein kinase C

Cyclic AMP

Cyclic GMP

Calcium

Diacylglycerol

Remove a phosphate from its ligand

Add a phosphate to its ligand

Change the structure of its ligand

Add an ubiquitin to its ligand

Chemicals

Light

Vibrations

Gravity

Sound

Protein kinase C

Cyclic AMP

Cyclic GMP

Calcium

Diacylglycerol

Remove a phosphate from its ligand

Add a phosphate to its ligand

Change the structure of its ligand

Add an ubiquitin to its ligand

The GPCR undergoes a conformational change, making a binding site available for a G-protein within the cytosol

The GPCR remains unchanged, as no covalent modifications have been made

The GPCR is released from the membrane and enters the intracellular space to trigger downstream signaling cascades

The GPCR become inactivated

The GPCR opens to permit an influx of sodium ions (Na+)

The GPCR undergoes a conformational change, making a binding site available for a G-protein within the cytosol

The GPCR remains unchanged, as no covalent modifications have been made

The GPCR is released from the membrane and enters the intracellular space to trigger downstream signaling cascades

The GPCR become inactivated

The GPCR opens to permit an influx of sodium ions (Na+)

Second messengers give cells direct access to extracellular material by permeabilizing the membrane

Second messengers permit amplification of the signal

Second messengers permit fine-tuned modulation of the signal through various intracellular enzymes

Second messengers eliminate the need for molecules to cross the semi-permeable membrane

Second messengers can activate more than one pathway

Hormones

DNA

RNA

Cytoplasmic constituents

Integral membrane proteins