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A student is cramming for a final examination, and decides to use a cue in the form of a nursery rhyme to remember a particularly hard formula. On the morning of the examination, the student is so nervous that she forgets the nursery rhyme. She cannot correctly answer the questions related to the formula. This scenario is an example of which of the following errors in memory?
A retrieval error—in this case, a feature cue error—in memory is any error, which results from a failure to correctly recall information that was successfully stored in long-term memory. If a cue fails to produce a strong enough association with a word or an interfering event prevents complete remembering of a prior event, then a retrieval error is said to have occurred.
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What is another term for short-term memory that is associated with the storage of small amounts of data without manipulation?
“Primary memory” is another word for short-term memory. It can hold information for up to 30 seconds without manipulation. On the other hand, “working memory” is a form of short-term memory that involves manipulation of information. “Sensory memory” transmits visual or auditory messages into data that can be stored, and lasts a few seconds. “Remote memory” is a form of long-term memory that lasts two years or more. Last, “prospective memory” is memory associated with future events.
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Which of the following examples best illustrates episodic memory?
Episodic memory is the conscious memory that deals with remembering personal life events. The only choice that could be described as a personal life event is "remembering that you got a bike for your 12th birthday."
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Alexus is really into the book she’s reading when Carl asks her a question. She stops reading and asks, “what did you say?” As soon as she asks this question she realizes that she can recall Carl's exact words. Which of the following is the reason for her ability to play these words back in her mind?
"Echoic memory" is a component of sensory memory that retains auditory information for a limited amount of time. It is like a holding tank that keeps the sound unprocessed until it is heard again. At this time, the sound is turned into something meaningful.
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Mnemonic devices such as chunking, method of loci, and other memory aids help increase retention during which of the following memory stages?
Both working and short term types of memory benefit from mnemonic devices, since mnemonic devices are specific aids to help the brain encode information from elementary forms of memory into long term memory. Memory aids are designed to strengthen working and short term memory in an effort to increase long term memory at a later stage.
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