Mnemonic devices such as chunking, method of loci, and other memory aids help increase retention during which of the following memory stages?

Which of the following examples best illustrates episodic memory?

Alexus is really into the book she’s reading when Carl asks her a question. She stops reading and asks, “what did you say?” As soon as she asks this question she realizes that she can recall Carl's exact words. Which of the following is the reason for her ability to play these words back in her mind?

What is another term for short-term memory that is associated with the storage of small amounts of data without manipulation?

A student is cramming for a final examination, and decides to use a cue in the form of a nursery rhyme to remember a particularly hard formula. On the morning of the examination, the student is so nervous that she forgets the nursery rhyme. She cannot correctly answer the questions related to the formula. This scenario is an example of which of the following errors in memory?