Help with Growth Factors - GRE Subject Test: Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology
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Which of the following mutations in the EGF pathway could lead to increased proliferation of cells?
Which of the following mutations in the EGF pathway could lead to increased proliferation of cells?
The phosphorylation of Erk is the final step of the protein cascade of EGF pathway, and phosphorylated Erk enters the nucleus to increase transcription of genes that induce proliferation. If Erk is constitutively active, it will likely lead to higher proliferation rate.
Preventing EGF from binding to EGFR or disrupting EGFR's ability to enter the membrane would abolish EGF pathway activity and reduce proliferation. Likewise, abolishing kinase activity of RAF would terminate the signal transduction and lead to reduced proliferation.
The phosphorylation of Erk is the final step of the protein cascade of EGF pathway, and phosphorylated Erk enters the nucleus to increase transcription of genes that induce proliferation. If Erk is constitutively active, it will likely lead to higher proliferation rate.
Preventing EGF from binding to EGFR or disrupting EGFR's ability to enter the membrane would abolish EGF pathway activity and reduce proliferation. Likewise, abolishing kinase activity of RAF would terminate the signal transduction and lead to reduced proliferation.
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Production of which of the following cytokines is stimulated when the 
concentration decreases in the circulatory system?
Production of which of the following cytokines is stimulated when the
Erythropoietin, released by the kidney, stimulates the production of red blood cells, which becomes necessary if circulating 
has decreased. Tumor necrosis factor stimulates systemic inflammation and regulates the immune system. Transforming growth factor beta 1 controls cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and other processes. Interferon type II modulates immune functions. Interleukin 2 also modulates the immune cells.
Erythropoietin, released by the kidney, stimulates the production of red blood cells, which becomes necessary if circulating
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Which of the following growth factors is primarily produced by the kidney and is essential for the production of red blood cells?
Which of the following growth factors is primarily produced by the kidney and is essential for the production of red blood cells?
Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein that is crucial for the production of red blood cells, a process also called "erythropoiesis." Each of the other answers contains a growth factor, but none of these have a primary function in red blood cell production.
Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein that is crucial for the production of red blood cells, a process also called "erythropoiesis." Each of the other answers contains a growth factor, but none of these have a primary function in red blood cell production.
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