Exonuclease proofreading

Polymerization of the leading strand

Polymerization of the lagging strand

Removal of primers

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

a sex chromosome

a series of mutated genes

a gene pattern found only in vertebrates

Protection from degradation in cytosol

Translation of introns into a functional protein

Conversion from double stranded strand to single stranded strand

Simultaneous transcription and translation

Removal of all uracil from mRNA transcript

methylation

acetylation

phosphorylation

All of these would silence the gene

Nucleotide excision repair

Base excision repair

Direct repair

Mismatch repair

Advancement in the 3'-5' direction down the template strand

Catalysis of phosphodiester bond linkage at the initial 2 rNTPs (ribonucleotide triphosphates)

Melting DNA into an open conformation near the transcription site

Binding to the promoter region on the closed DNA complex

DNA sequence

RNA sequence

Ribosomal shapes

Number of amino acids per protein

5'-3' DNA polymerase I

5'-3' DNA polymerase III

3'-5' DNA polymerase I

3'-5' DNA polymerase III

TATA box

Transcriptional repressors

Transcriptional activators

General transcription factors

Removal of an exon

Reversal of an exon

Duplication of an intron

Duplication of an exon