Macromolecule Structures and Functions - Biochemistry

To answer this question, we need to have a general understanding about amino acid properties. For instance, at physiological pH, some amino acid side chains will carry a negative charge, some will carry a positive charge, and others will be neutral. Thus, we'll need to take note of which amino acid characteristics each position has, and then evaluate each answer choice to see if the new amino acid being substituted has different characteristics.

At position is arginine, which carries a positive charge. At position is valine, which has an aliphatic side chain that is neutral and relatively hydrophobic. At position is the amino acid glutamate, which is negatively charged due to the carboxyl group on its side chain. Finally, we have glycine at position , which contains a lonely hydrogen atom as its side chain.

Now that we have the characteristics of the amino acid residues in the enzyme, let's compare them to the substitutions listed in the answer choices.

Substituting an aspartate residue into position would mean replacing valine (neutral) with a positively charged amino acid. Hence, this would likely result in disruption of enzyme activity.

Substituting a tryptophan residue into position would replace glycine. In contrast to the extremely small side chain of glycine, the side chain of tryptophan is very large. This great size discrepancy could potentially lead to steric effects that could interfere with the binding of substrate to the enzyme.

Substitution of an asparagine residue into position would replace glutamate. Because glutamate is negatively charged, whereas asparagine is neutral, this substitution would likely interfere with enzyme activity.

Finally, let's consider the substitution of arginine at position with a lysine. In this case, a positively charged arginine would be replaced by another positively charged amino acid, lysine. Because of the similarity between these two amino acids, this substitution would be the least likely to cause a disruption in the enzyme's activity.

Aldotrioses are monosaccharides that contain both an aldehyde (an aldose) and three carbons (a triose). Knowing the definition of the word, and the breakdown of parts of the word, can help you recognize the molecule. The simplest aldotriose is glyceraldehyde.

A related concept involves ketotrioses, which are monosaccharides that contain both a ketone (a ketose) and three carbonds (a triose). Dihydroxyacetone is an example of a ketotriose.

tRNA carries the anticodon. tRNA is a transfer ribonucleic acid; it is a type of RNA molecule that decodes the mRNA sequence to form a protein. The anticodon is the part of the tRNA structure that complements the mRNA codon, dictating the identity of the amino acid carried by the tRNA and required to build the proper polypeptide chain.

The presence of an group on the 2’ carbon if ribose does indeed make any phosphodiester bonds at this site subject to hydrolysis. RNA can sometimes form double-helices, such as in tRNA. mRNA is constantly being degraded in the cytoplasm, and so it has a very short half-life relative to the life of the cell. RNA’s hairpin turn structures are composed of only one molecule which has doubled back on itself, rather than two separate molecules.

B DNA has a wide and deep major groove and a narrow and deep minor groove. All other statements regarding B DNA are true.

The correct order is base pair, nucleotide, nucleosome ("bead on a string"), solenoid, radial loop, chromosome. A solenoid is created by the packing of DNA with multiple nucleosomes, and a radial loop is compacted even further in chromatin.

Recall that guanine and cytosine form three hydrogen bonds to one another in DNA, while adenine and thymine only form two hydrogen bonds to one another. This means that DNA strands with higher concentrations of guanine and cytosine will be more stable, and thus require greater energy to break apart. In this case, since DNA-2 required more energy (higher temperature) to denature, it has a higher concentration of guanine and cytosine.

The promoter region is a short segment of DNA that is recognized and bound to by RNA polymerase prior to transcription. The promoter region is usually upstream of the operator and will not be transcribed into mRNA.

DNA's sugar is deoxyribose, which involves the lack of a hydroxyl group on the second cabon. RNA's sugar is ribose. DNA and RNA is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and both contain phosphate and neither contain sulfur.

Histones are rich in the amino acids Asp Lys and Glu Arg, giving an overall net negative positive charge. (Because DNA is negatively charged, this allows for tighter binding between the histones and coiled DNA).

The semiconservative model of DNA replication describes the daughter strand containing one new and one old strand. Dispersive and conservative models were both rejected from their experiment. Independet and dependent do not pertain to any of the scientist's theories of replication.

DNA polymerase III is the only DNA replication enzyme with proofreading (3'-5' exonuclease) capabilities. Ligase links Okazaki fragments. Helicase unwinds the two DNA strands. DNA polymerase I contains 5'-3' exonuclease activity, but this is involved in primer removal, not proofreading. Primase is a type of RNA polymerase.

Okazaki fragments are found in the lagging strand, and are linked by DNA ligase. These short fragments of DNA are formed because DNA polymerase III (the main polymerizing enzyme complex) can only add nucleotides the the 3' end of a DNA strand. Since DNA strands are antiparallel, this is unavoidable.

The helix-turn-helix motif has two helices at a particular angle, with one of them, the recognition helix, fitting into a major groove. Zinc fingers have sheets and helices held together via zinc complexes. Beta sheets have hydrogen bonds along their strand backbones. The helix-loop-helix motif has one helix folded and packed against another. In the leucine zipper, two helices are coiled up to where they are "unzipped" to form a Y.

The backbone of DNA is made up of alternating phosphate groups and sugar groups, linked together via phosphodiester bonds. The nitrogenous bases jut off of the backbone and form bonds with nitrogenous bases on other strands of DNA to become double stranded. A nucleotide consists of a sugar, nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphate groups.

The anticodon is a part of tRNA that is capable of finding its complementary codon on mRNA. This allows the tRNA to carry its specific amino acid to a ribosome when necessary in the production of proteins.

The clover-like structure of tRNA is held together by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases of the molecule. Without them, this tertiary structure would not be possible.

In RNA the four bases are: adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine. The bases in DNA are similar, except uracil is replaced with thymine. In RNA, adenine will always pair with uracil, and guanine will always pair with cytosine. Remember, a purine (adenine, guanine) will always pair with a pyrimidine (cytosine, uracil or thymine).

The glycosidic bonds of B DNA are in the anti conformation. This means that the nucleotide and sugar are on opposite sides of the N-glycosidic bond.