What are some hormones that exert their actions by activating receptor tyrosine activity?

I. Insulin

II. Epidermal growth factor

III. Platelet-derived growth factor

IV. Epinephrine

Where do protein kinases most commonly add phosphate groups from ATP for signaling purposes?

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) transduce extracellular signals into intracellular signaling cascades. This is possible because RTKs have an extracellular ligand binding domain to sense ligands outside of the cell, a transmembrane domain that spans the cell membrane, and an intracellular domain that activates pathways within the cell.

Which of the following best describesthe mechanism by which the cytosolic domains of RTKs activate downstream signaling cascades?

Which of the following correctly matches the SH2 (Src Homology 2) and SH3 (Src Homology 3) domains with their residues?

Protein-tyrosine kinase activation can result in the activation of two classical second messengers, inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). These molecules are produced as a result of a hydrolysis reaction that is stimulated by protein-tyrosine kinase activation.

What is the enzyme that catalyzes this hydrolysis reaction, and what molecule is cleaved into IP3 and DAG?

1. Conformational change brings protein tyrosine kinases close together

2. Receptor dimerization

3. Autophosphorylation activates receptor tyrosine kinases

4. Hormone/ligand binds to extracellular subunits

Which of the following correctly places the steps of the receptor tyrosine kinase in order?