Which of the following processes will be ultimately modulated by activation of toll-like receptors?

What are some characteristics of toll-like receptors?

I. Toll-like receptors are transmembrane proteins characterized by an extracellular domain and a cytoplasmic tail containing the toll receptor domain.

II. Toll-like receptors can be activated by viral double-stranded RNA.

III. Toll-like receptors alert immune cells to the presence of bacterial infections.

IV. Toll-like receptors are expressed in antigen presenting immune cells (dendritic cells).

Which of the following is true regarding toll-like receptors?

I. They are found on pathogens

II. They are involved in both acute and chronic inflammation

III. They are not found on complements

A bacterium is often recognized and attacked by the immune cells. What is true regarding this process?