acyl-CoA synthetase

Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I

Carnitine palmitoyl transferase II

ATP hydrolase

Citrate synthase

Oxidation of the beta hydroxyl group

Reduction of the beta hydroxyl group

Oxidation the gamma carbon

Dehydration of the beta carbon

Dehydration of the carbonyl carbon

The carnitine carrier protein can only attach and transport fatty acylcarnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Fatty acyl-CoA is to unstable of a molecule to exist within the intermembrane space.

The reformation of fatty acyl-CoA from CoASH and fatty acylcarnitine within the mitochondrial matrix is a thermodynamically favorable reaction that drives the formation of ATP.

Carnitine is needed as an input to start the beta-oxidation pathway.

Fatty acylcarnitine can freely diffuse into the mitochondrial matrix through fatty acylcarnitine gates located on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Biotin

Pyridoxal

Water

Formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of acetyl-CoA as a step to form ketone bodies

Formation of two molecules of acetyl-CoA from acetoacetyl-CoA as a step to form ketone bodies

Formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of acetyl-CoA as a step to break down fatty acids

Formation of two molecules of acetyl-CoA from acetoacetyl-CoA as a step to break down fatty acids

Breaking apart any two thiol bonds in all reactions

NAD+

CoASH

FAD

NADH

FADH2

The addition of water across the carbon-carbon double bond

The addition of water across the carbon-oxygen double bond

The removal of water across the carbon-carbon double bond

The removal of water across the carbon-oxygen double bond

The formation of a carbon-carbon double bond by adding water

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is phosphorylated, inactivating it

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is dephosphorylated, inactivating it

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase is phosphorylated, inactivating it

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase is dephosphorylated, activating it

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase is phosphorylated, activating it

It shifts a double bond to make degradation possible

It removes a CoA group to make degradation possible

It shifts a double bond to make synthesis possible

It shifts a adds a double bond to make synthesis possible

It removes a double bond to make degradation possible

L-hydroxacyl-CoA dehydrogenase

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

Enoyl-CoA hydratase

Acyl-CoA dehydroxylase

L-hydroxacyl-CoA dehydrogenase