Weaker than covalent and ionic bonds, but stronger than London dispersion forces

Stronger than covalent and ionic bonds, but weaker than London dispersion forces

Weaker than London dispersion forces and ionic bonds, but stronger than covalent bonds

Weaker than covalent bonds and London dispersion forces, but stronger than ionic bonds

Stronger than covalent bonds, London dispersion forces, and ionic bonds

They can occur in a non-aqueous environment.

They function because hydrophobic groups clump together, so they do not break the hydrogen bonds in the surrounding water.

Hydrophobic groups are not precisely bonded to each other, but rather are held together because of a repulsion from water.

Generally, it is only nonpolar substances which exhibit hydrophobic effects.

Cell membranes are held together in part by hydrophobic effects.

Tryptophan

Arginine

Threonine

Serine

Entropy increases because water molecules exclude the nonpolar solute in order to interact with each other and regain a higher state of disorder.

Entropy decreases because the water must become more ordered in a hydrogen-bond network around the nonpolar molecules.

Entropy remains the same because there is no significant interaction between the water molecules and the nonpolar solvent.

Entropy decreases because the nonpolar solute has an affinity for itself and aggregates together.

Hydrophobic interactions

ATP hydrolysis

Hydrogen bond formation

Covalent interactions

Nucleophilic attack

Entropy; water molecules acquire more degrees of freedom as a result of nonpolar molecules forming one large aggregate from many smaller ones

Enthalpy; lipid molecules absorb a tremendous amount of heat when they come to associate with each other rather than with water

Hydrogen bonding; lipid molecules have stronger interactions with each other through hydrogen bonding than they do with water

Covalent bonding; lipid molecules form strong covalent bonds with each other that they cannot form with water

Ionic bonding; lipid molecules form strong ionic bonds with each other that they cannot form with water

Nonpolar molecules

Polar molecules

Charged molecules

Molecules with two amino acids

Ionic molecules