These were all independent city-states.

Venice

Florence

Naples

Milan

Zulu

Aztec

Maya

Incan

Olmec

the Catholic church argued that the political power of the Pope should be supreme to any secular ruler

the political power of the Papacy waned as secular rulers throughout Europe asserted their power

the political power of the Papacy was eclipsed by the power of the Patriarch of Constantinople

the Catholic church renounced political power and accepted the supremacy of Europe’s secular rulers

the Catholic church was heavily weakened by the Protestant Reformation

in southern India

in northern India

in western China

in eastern China

in southeast Asia

excluded from participating in Catholicism

branded a heretic and sentenced to death

recruited for the Crusades and blessed with the opportunity to die for Christendom

granted lands and titles for loyalty to the Catholic church

none of these answers are accurate

elected by the empire’s nobility

elected by the empire’s citizens

a hereditary position, passed down to the eldest son

a hereditary position, passed down to the most capable child

chosen by the departing Emperor near the end of his reign