Technological improvements in cultivation, especially rice, taking place during a period of stable government rule.

Extensive trade with China and importation of New World crops.

Large-scale emigration of the Japanese population to Korea, which freed up more land for cultivation

Government incentive programs designed to reward families that produced large numbers of children.

The development of extensive terrance farming in mountainous regions.

Potatoes

Wheat

Apples

Tobacco

Cabbage