"This right of privacy, whether it be founded in the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the District Court determined, in the Ninth Amendment's reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. The detriment that the State would impose upon the pregnant woman by denying this choice altogether is apparent."

Which U.S. Supreme Court Case is this passage excerpted from?

The Cold War intensified in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Tensions between the United States and the United Soviet Social Republic increased as the rivalry between the United States and the USSR manifested itself in economic and political clashes. In the United States, this lead to a period of perceived threats posed by communist and leftist sympathizers inside the country. It was feared that these individuals would work as spies for the USSR, and therefore, posed a threat to the security of the United States. This fear was known as the Red Scare; red referred to the red color of the Soviet flag and the supposed allegiance to the Soviet beliefs. This fear effected both the American government and society. In March 1947, President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9835, known as the Loyalty Order, requiring all federal employees to be analyzed for sufficient loyalty to the government. This was an unusual action, when one considers the foundation of American in liberty and freedom of political organization. The legislative branch became involved in the Red Scare with the actions of The House Unamerican Activities Committee and Senator Joseph McCarthy in the forefront of investigating allegations of subversive elements in the government and the Hollywood film industry. Other governmental agencies were involved in the investigations as well. Federal Bureau of Investigation Director J. Edgar Hoover equated any form of protest to communist subversion and took a role in the investigations as well. Hoover had been part of an earlier less pervasive Red Scare in the years following World War I. He viewed his role in the investigations to be one of information gathering. He collected extensive files on suspected subversives using wiretaps, surveillance and infiltration of leftist groups. These files were used in trials for espionage. The House Unamerican Activities Committee reacted to probes into alleged subversive activity by “blacklisting” individuals it considered suspicious. But Senator Joseph McCarthy was the most visible and well-known figure during the years of the Red Scare. His anticommunist campaign took the form of Senate hearings relying on hearsay and intimidation to obtain testimony against alleged communist sympathizers. He was the most powerful and most feared figure in American politics during the Red Scare. Many individuals came under his scrutiny. Some lost careers and had their reputations destroyed. One of the most famous cases was that of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg who were tried, convicted and executed for committing espionage. The United States Supreme Court also played a role in the Red Scare with its ruling on a case that shocked many Americans by limiting the basic rights and freedoms of Americans.

What was the name and ruling of this Supreme Court case?

"Put to trial before a jury, \[he\] conducted his defense about as well as could be expected from a layman. He made an opening statement to the jury, cross-examined the State's witnesses, presented witnesses in his own defense, declined to testify himself, and made a short argument 'emphasizing his innocence to the charge contained in the Information filed in this case.' The jury returned a verdict of guilty, and petitioner was sentenced to serve five years in the state prison."

-- Excerpt from a U.S. Supreme Court Case

What case is this excerpt most likely taken from _________________.

"I have come today from the turmoil of your Capital to the tranquillity of your campus to speak about the future of your country.

The purpose of protecting the life of our nation and preserving the liberty of our citizens is to pursue the happiness of our people. Our success in that pursuit is the test of our success as a nation.

For a century we labored to settle and to subdue a continent. For half a century we called upon unbounded invention and untiring industry to create an order of plenty for all of our people.

The challenge of the next half century is whether we have the wisdom to use that wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization.

Your imagination and your initiative, and your indignation will determine whether we build a society where progress is the servant of our needs, or a society where old values and new visions are buried under unbridled growth. For in your time we have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but upward to the Great Society.

The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice, to which we are totally committed in our time. But that is just the beginning."

Who delivered the speech above?

"I have come today from the turmoil of your Capital to the tranquillity of your campus to speak about the future of your country.

The purpose of protecting the life of our nation and preserving the liberty of our citizens is to pursue the happiness of our people. Our success in that pursuit is the test of our success as a nation.

For a century we labored to settle and to subdue a continent. For half a century we called upon unbounded invention and untiring industry to create an order of plenty for all of our people.

The challenge of the next half century is whether we have the wisdom to use that wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization.

Your imagination and your initiative, and your indignation will determine whether we build a society where progress is the servant of our needs, or a society where old values and new visions are buried under unbridled growth. For in your time we have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but upward to the Great Society.

The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice, to which we are totally committed in our time. But that is just the beginning."

Which is not a social program eventually proposed as part of "The Great Society?"

"Put to trial before a jury, \[he\] conducted his defense about as well as could be expected from a layman. He made an opening statement to the jury, cross-examined the State's witnesses, presented witnesses in his own defense, declined to testify himself, and made a short argument 'emphasizing his innocence to the charge contained in the Information filed in this case.' The jury returned a verdict of guilty, and petitioner was sentenced to serve five years in the state prison".

-- Excerpt from a U.S. Supreme Court Case

What amendment to the U.S. Constitution is most likely discussed in the U.S. Supreme Court case excerpted above?

The election of 1960 marked the end of the two terms of President Eisenhower. The election was important for many reasons. It was assumed, correctly, that Eisenhower’s Vice President Richard Nixon would be the Republican Party nominee. Nixon had turned the office of the Vice President into a national political base for the 1960 election during his time in office, thus the assumption was correct. Additionally, the 1960 election was the first election in which Alaska and Hawaii participated in the election process, as they had been granted statehood the previous year. This is significant because now all fifty states would hold primaries. However, Nixon did not run in all the state primaries because of the assumption that he would be his party’s nominee because he had served as Vice President under President Eisenhower. He did choose to run uncontested in a few primaries but only to prove his ability to get popular votes. The election was the source of much debate as well, because of the candidacy of Virginia Senator Harry F. Byrd running as a third party candidate. His presence also contributed to making the election of 1960 the closest in popular vote since the 1884 election.

Why was the election of 1960 considered one of the closest elections in American History?