While both wrote together about the dangers of political factions, each would go on to found America's first partisan political parties.

Although both wrote extensively about the rights of American agriculturalists, each man would later pass laws privileging merchants.

Despite early support for the American Revolution, both would eventually move to Europe.

Though both men supported the legal rights of white citizens, neither was concerned with the rights of black slaves or freedmen.

Whereas Hamilton supported Federalism because he was from a large state, Madison supported Federalism despite being from a small state.

The wealthy

Women

The urban working class

African-Americans

Young people

While both wrote together about the dangers of political factions, each would go on to found America's first partisan political parties.

Although both wrote extensively about the rights of American agriculturalists, each man would later pass laws privileging merchants.

Despite early support for the American Revolution, both would eventually move to Europe.

Though both men supported the legal rights of white citizens, neither was concerned with the rights of black slaves or freedmen.

Whereas Hamilton supported Federalism because he was from a large state, Madison supported Federalism despite being from a small state.

The wealthy

Women

The urban working class

African-Americans

Young people

Winning elections

Attracting loyal voters

Raising funds

Undermining the opposition’s credibility

John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson

Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush

Rutherford B. Hayes and Ulysses S. Grant

Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford

John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson

Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush

Rutherford B. Hayes and Ulysses S. Grant

Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford

Winning elections

Attracting loyal voters

Raising funds

Undermining the opposition’s credibility

Forcing either one or both of the two main parties into obscurity and/or dissolution

Stealing votes away from one of the two major parties

Creating a space for dissent, dissatisfaction, and/or protest

Recruiting new voters or re-interesting formerly disinterested voters in the political process

Radical

Conservative

Liberal

Moderate

Reactionary