Data - AP Statistics
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Kate would like to determine what flavors of ice cream are most popular among students in her AP Statistics class. In total, there are 100 students in the class. Which of the following would be an appropriate sampling methodology?
Kate would like to determine what flavors of ice cream are most popular among students in her AP Statistics class. In total, there are 100 students in the class. Which of the following would be an appropriate sampling methodology?
In this situation, it is best to conduct a census in order to determine what the class's favorite flavor of ice cream is. Since there are only 100 students in the class, a sample of the class would be very small and may not be representative of the class as a whole.
In this situation, it is best to conduct a census in order to determine what the class's favorite flavor of ice cream is. Since there are only 100 students in the class, a sample of the class would be very small and may not be representative of the class as a whole.
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Census is to __________ as survey is to __________.
Census is to __________ as survey is to __________.
A census gathers data from an entire population of people. A survey targets a representative sample of a population.
A census gathers data from an entire population of people. A survey targets a representative sample of a population.
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You are conducting the following series of observational studies to determine if generally understood parameters about a local population are accurate:
A. You stand on the sidewalk next to a stop sign to observe and record the number of cyclists and drivers who stop or don't stop.
B. You inform customers at a local fast food restaurant of your study to determine the proportion of healthy food choices from the menu and then observe their choices.
C. From your car in the mall parking lot, you observe the proportion of shoppers who hold the door open for the next person who enters or exits the mall.
D. To estimate the proportion of males and females in the local community, you observe spectators at a hockey match and count and record the gender in a randomly selected area of the crowd.
E. You review the daily sign-in sheets at a local fitness center to estimate the average number of workouts per week for residents of the local community.
Which observational study should yield the most accurate results?
You are conducting the following series of observational studies to determine if generally understood parameters about a local population are accurate:
A. You stand on the sidewalk next to a stop sign to observe and record the number of cyclists and drivers who stop or don't stop.
B. You inform customers at a local fast food restaurant of your study to determine the proportion of healthy food choices from the menu and then observe their choices.
C. From your car in the mall parking lot, you observe the proportion of shoppers who hold the door open for the next person who enters or exits the mall.
D. To estimate the proportion of males and females in the local community, you observe spectators at a hockey match and count and record the gender in a randomly selected area of the crowd.
E. You review the daily sign-in sheets at a local fitness center to estimate the average number of workouts per week for residents of the local community.
Which observational study should yield the most accurate results?
Study C takes a representative sample of local residents, and it does so without affecting the outcomes.
Studies A and B are influenced by the person conducting the survey. Studies D and E are biased samples of the population.
Therefore, C should yield the most accurate results.
Study C takes a representative sample of local residents, and it does so without affecting the outcomes.
Studies A and B are influenced by the person conducting the survey. Studies D and E are biased samples of the population.
Therefore, C should yield the most accurate results.
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What situation would most warrant the method of observational study to produce accurate results?
What situation would most warrant the method of observational study to produce accurate results?
Obseverational study does not involve any interference with the group being studied, so watching baboons in their natural habit would be best suited for this method.
Obseverational study does not involve any interference with the group being studied, so watching baboons in their natural habit would be best suited for this method.
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An company wants to test how much a fuel additive improves the fuel efficiency of cars and has 
cars of various makes and models available to test. Which experimental design would be most appropriate?
An company wants to test how much a fuel additive improves the fuel efficiency of cars and has
A matched pairs design t test is the best choice because it will compare the effectiveness of the fuel additive by looking at the means differences of two sample sets where the only variable that is changed from one test to the other test is the introduction of the fuel additive. It makes no sense to compare the performance of, for example, a Ford Mustang with the additive against a Toyota Prius hybrid without the additive. It becomes crucial to compare fuel efficiency with and without the fuel additive for each car.
A matched pairs design t test is the best choice because it will compare the effectiveness of the fuel additive by looking at the means differences of two sample sets where the only variable that is changed from one test to the other test is the introduction of the fuel additive. It makes no sense to compare the performance of, for example, a Ford Mustang with the additive against a Toyota Prius hybrid without the additive. It becomes crucial to compare fuel efficiency with and without the fuel additive for each car.
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For which of these experiments would a matched pairs design not be ideal?
For which of these experiments would a matched pairs design not be ideal?
Remember that a matched pairs design tends to involve "before and after" or "with and without" or "left and right" using the same experimental units.
Therefore comparing effectiveness of two coaches and their methods would not be an experiment for the matched pairs design.
Remember that a matched pairs design tends to involve "before and after" or "with and without" or "left and right" using the same experimental units.
Therefore comparing effectiveness of two coaches and their methods would not be an experiment for the matched pairs design.
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On a residual plot, the 
-axis displays the __________ and the 
-axis displays __________.
On a residual plot, the
A residual plot shows the difference between the actual and expected value, or residual. This goes on the y-axis. The plot shows these residuals in relation to the independent variable.
A residual plot shows the difference between the actual and expected value, or residual. This goes on the y-axis. The plot shows these residuals in relation to the independent variable.
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Which of the following is a continuous variable?
i. The average weight of a newborn puppy
ii. The number of snow days during the last month
iii. The amount of time that it takes to read a book
Which of the following is a continuous variable?
i. The average weight of a newborn puppy
ii. The number of snow days during the last month
iii. The amount of time that it takes to read a book
A continuous variable can take on an infinite continuum of possible real number values. Weight and the amount of time to read a book are continuous because it is impossible to write down all the distinct potential values.
A continuous variable can take on an infinite continuum of possible real number values. Weight and the amount of time to read a book are continuous because it is impossible to write down all the distinct potential values.
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For which of these is a binomial probability model most reasonable?
For which of these is a binomial probability model most reasonable?
A binomial model counts the number of successes out of a specific number of attempts at a task when each attempt has a constant probability of success. The correct choice is the one that specifies the number of attempts.
A binomial model counts the number of successes out of a specific number of attempts at a task when each attempt has a constant probability of success. The correct choice is the one that specifies the number of attempts.
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A company asks you to conduct a survey to discover what consumers generally want. What should the survey population be?
A company asks you to conduct a survey to discover what consumers generally want. What should the survey population be?
The company wants a survey on what consumers want. That means they are interested in all possible consumers. The other groups are too specific.
The company wants a survey on what consumers want. That means they are interested in all possible consumers. The other groups are too specific.
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Your AP Statistics teacher asks you to conduct a survey to determine the most popular cereal brand at your high school. Which of the following should be the survey population in your study?
Your AP Statistics teacher asks you to conduct a survey to determine the most popular cereal brand at your high school. Which of the following should be the survey population in your study?
Since your teacher has asked that you determine the most popular cereal brand at your high school, the survey population should be limited to only your high school. Other students' preferences of cereal brands around the nation will have no impact on the survey results.
Additionally, surveying only students in your AP Statistics class or only students in a particular grade level would not be representative of all students in your high school. Therefore, the correct survey population is all students in your high school.
Since your teacher has asked that you determine the most popular cereal brand at your high school, the survey population should be limited to only your high school. Other students' preferences of cereal brands around the nation will have no impact on the survey results.
Additionally, surveying only students in your AP Statistics class or only students in a particular grade level would not be representative of all students in your high school. Therefore, the correct survey population is all students in your high school.
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Shawn would like to determine what the most popular television channel is in his town, called Hearne.
Which of the following would be an appropriate target population for the survey?
Shawn would like to determine what the most popular television channel is in his town, called Hearne.
Which of the following would be an appropriate target population for the survey?
Since Shawn would like to know the most popular television channel in his town, he must include all residents of the town in his target population. The sample must come from the directory and each person in the directory should have an equal chance of being selected. The incorrect options are too narrowly focused and are not representative of the town.
Since Shawn would like to know the most popular television channel in his town, he must include all residents of the town in his target population. The sample must come from the directory and each person in the directory should have an equal chance of being selected. The incorrect options are too narrowly focused and are not representative of the town.
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A drug company wants to test whether its medication reduces cancer risk. Assuming the company conducts an experiment in which participants are randomly assigned to treatment and control groups, what would the appropriate control group look like?
A drug company wants to test whether its medication reduces cancer risk. Assuming the company conducts an experiment in which participants are randomly assigned to treatment and control groups, what would the appropriate control group look like?
The only thing you want to vary across groups when you're conducting an experiment is the treatment. Since taking pills is a part of taking medication (the treatment), medical experiments often employ something called a placebo-controlled study where outcomes for those who are randomly assigned to take the medication are compared to outcomes for those who are randomly assigned to take a sugar pill. The sugar pill is expected to have no effect, so it serves as a useful baseline to compare the treatment to.
The only thing you want to vary across groups when you're conducting an experiment is the treatment. Since taking pills is a part of taking medication (the treatment), medical experiments often employ something called a placebo-controlled study where outcomes for those who are randomly assigned to take the medication are compared to outcomes for those who are randomly assigned to take a sugar pill. The sugar pill is expected to have no effect, so it serves as a useful baseline to compare the treatment to.
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In a public health study, researchers want to see how the addition of fresh produce stands in inner cities can affect the body weights of people who live within 1 mile of the stands.
The research group gathers data from several groups. Please identify which is the Control group.
In a public health study, researchers want to see how the addition of fresh produce stands in inner cities can affect the body weights of people who live within 1 mile of the stands.
The research group gathers data from several groups. Please identify which is the Control group.
Areas A and B are both experimental areas, where they received the treatment (the new produce stand), so comparing body weights before and after the treatment will provide valuable data.
The area of the city which did not receive the treatment (a produce stand) will provide data of how body weight may change over time naturally, without the stand, in order to compare the effects of the stands elsewhere.
The nearby town already has produce stands and provides residents with a different food environment, so it cannot act as the control group. It has different conditions than the experimental areas A and B, so comparing it to these areas will not provide helpful data in terms of the treatment's effects.
Areas A and B are both experimental areas, where they received the treatment (the new produce stand), so comparing body weights before and after the treatment will provide valuable data.
The area of the city which did not receive the treatment (a produce stand) will provide data of how body weight may change over time naturally, without the stand, in order to compare the effects of the stands elsewhere.
The nearby town already has produce stands and provides residents with a different food environment, so it cannot act as the control group. It has different conditions than the experimental areas A and B, so comparing it to these areas will not provide helpful data in terms of the treatment's effects.
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You and your classmate want to test the effect of food coloring on plant color. One of the groups in the experiment receives dye-free water. Which group is this?
You and your classmate want to test the effect of food coloring on plant color. One of the groups in the experiment receives dye-free water. Which group is this?
The control group receives no treatment.
The experimental group receives the treatment of the independent variable.
Because the flowers getting no dye do not receive the treatment, it is the control group.
The control group receives no treatment.
The experimental group receives the treatment of the independent variable.
Because the flowers getting no dye do not receive the treatment, it is the control group.
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You and your friend want to test the effect of different brands of fertilizer on sunflower height.
One group receives no fertilizer during the course of the experiment.
Which group is this?
You and your friend want to test the effect of different brands of fertilizer on sunflower height.
One group receives no fertilizer during the course of the experiment.
Which group is this?
The control group receives no treatment.
The experimental group receives the treatment of the independent variable.
Because the sunflowers getting no fertilizer do not receive the treatment, it is the control group.
The control group receives no treatment.
The experimental group receives the treatment of the independent variable.
Because the sunflowers getting no fertilizer do not receive the treatment, it is the control group.
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Of the following examples, which best describes quantitative data?
Of the following examples, which best describes quantitative data?
Quantitative data describes a certain type of information that can be counted or expressed numerically and can be used in meaningful computations. Quantitative data is different from qualitative data, which is primarily involved in describing things in terms of categorizations or specific qualities. Looking at the answer choices, it is clear that measuring the temperature of water in degrees Fahrenheit is a numerical piece of information, and is thus quantitative.
Quantitative data describes a certain type of information that can be counted or expressed numerically and can be used in meaningful computations. Quantitative data is different from qualitative data, which is primarily involved in describing things in terms of categorizations or specific qualities. Looking at the answer choices, it is clear that measuring the temperature of water in degrees Fahrenheit is a numerical piece of information, and is thus quantitative.
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When designing an experiment, what is the purpose of blocking?
When designing an experiment, what is the purpose of blocking?
The purpose of blocking, by definition, is to separate a particular sample into groups previously known to be similar in some way that are expected to affect response to treatments. The other choices pertain to control (keeping an extraneous variable constant), randomization (using random chance to assign experimental units to treatments), and replication (increasing the number of experimental units to reduce chance variation) in an experiment.
The purpose of blocking, by definition, is to separate a particular sample into groups previously known to be similar in some way that are expected to affect response to treatments. The other choices pertain to control (keeping an extraneous variable constant), randomization (using random chance to assign experimental units to treatments), and replication (increasing the number of experimental units to reduce chance variation) in an experiment.
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Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?
Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?
The only example of qualitative data here is the gender of a high school student (i.e. male or female). This cannot be quantified, unlike the other answer choices which all have numbers, quantities, and amounts associated with them.
The only example of qualitative data here is the gender of a high school student (i.e. male or female). This cannot be quantified, unlike the other answer choices which all have numbers, quantities, and amounts associated with them.
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Which of the following is the best way to ensure a sample is representative and unbiased?
Which of the following is the best way to ensure a sample is representative and unbiased?
Taking a random sample is the only data-collecting method that ensures that every set of individuals has an equal chance of being selected for the sample and does not introduce any significant bias. Taking either a voluntary response sample or a convenience sample does not ensure these important aspects, as there is some unwanted selectivity involved in the data being collected. Taking a census is inferior to taking a sample of any sort, as it is both costly and time-consuming.
Taking a random sample is the only data-collecting method that ensures that every set of individuals has an equal chance of being selected for the sample and does not introduce any significant bias. Taking either a voluntary response sample or a convenience sample does not ensure these important aspects, as there is some unwanted selectivity involved in the data being collected. Taking a census is inferior to taking a sample of any sort, as it is both costly and time-consuming.
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