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What is the most popular psychotropic medication to treat bipolar disorder?
Lithium is typically used to treat the manic symptomology associated with bipolar disorder.
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Which of the following mental disorders would not benefit from treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors interfere with serotonin transport in the brain's synapses and can work to elevate mood. SSRIs are used to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Treatment for personality disorders with SSRIs is not successful.
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Which of the following neurotransmitters possesses functions related to mood, sleep, and motivation?
Serotonin is the major neurotransmitter that regulates mood, sleep, and motivation. A lack of serotonin can lead to depression, OCD, and eating disorders. Too much serotonin can decrease motivation. Serotonin levels can be regulated through selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, and other drugs.
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What types of disorders have salts of lithium been used to treat?
Lithium is the most widely used and studied medications for bipolar disorders. They also have a role in treating depression and mania, acutely and long term. Once ingested, lithium becomes prevalent in the central nervous system (CNS), and can bind to a number of receptors in order to block norepinephrine production. It can also interact with neurotransmitters in order to cause a release of seratonin.
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Stacy would like to test whether an anti-depressant effectively reduces symptoms of depression. She gives depressed participants a questionnaire before administration of the drug. Half of the participants receive the drug for six weeks, and the other half receive a placebo sugar pill. She then gives the same questionnaire to assess any changes in symptoms.
Which of these is most likely the drug that Stacy administers?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat mood disorders. The other choices are used for other types of mental illnesses.
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For which psychiatric disorder are SSRIs most commonly prescribed?
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) are commonly prescribed for depressed patients to increase the amount of serotonin in their bodies. Having a greater amount of serotonin is associated with experiencing more positive emotions.
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Valium, Ativan, Klonopin, and Xanax are used to treat panic disorders. These medications are considered to fall under which category?
Benzodiazepines such as Xanax, Klonopin, Ativan, and Valium, act like sedatives, but without their sleep-inducing effect. These medications can be effective in the treatment of panic disorders.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as Zoloft, Paxil, and Luvox, are mood stabilizers and are used to treat depression. Nardil is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) useful in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder by reducing nightmares and insomnia. Catapres and Inderal, which are antiadrenergic agents, are also useful in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Antiadrenergic agents reduce startle reactions. Lithium is a mood stabilizer used to treat bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
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Which of the following is not a depressant drug?
Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow down bodily functions. Cocaine is a stimulant, which increases neural activity and speeds up bodily functions. All of the other answer choices are depressants.
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Which of the following is a commonly prescribed antidepressant?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) block the reabsorption of serotonin in the brain to help ease depressive symptoms. Some of the most popular SSRIs are Zoloft (Sertraline) and Prozac (Fluoxetine).
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Often, psychiatric medications are used for non-FDA-approved or "off-label" treatment of symptoms. While not typically illegal, these treatments are not as well studied as the approved treatments and often not covered by health insurance plans.
Which of the following conditions is commonly treated using an "off-label" treatment of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?
While the other conditions—MDD, bedwetting, OCD, and PDD—are all FDA-approved for various first-generation and second-generation tricyclic medications, panic disorder is still an off-label use for TCAs. Currently, FDA approval favors selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for treatment of panic disorders.
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Until recently, which of the following classes of drugs were often used only as a last resort in the treatment of psychological disorders due to longstanding research showing potentially fatal side effects?
MAOIs have long held a stigma of being associated with fatal dietary and adverse drug reactions—including phenylamines and anesthetic medications. Despite this stigma, recent studies have indicated that some of this longstanding research was based on outmoded or misinterpreted methodology.
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Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOs) are one form of treatment for depression. How do MAOs work?
MAO medication inhibits MAOs, which normally inhibit serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, so that these neurotransmitters can increase in concentration.
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SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors) work in which of the following ways?
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) are used to treat depression because they block the reuptake of 5-HT serotonin, allowing it to remain in the locus coeruleus (LC) to block anxiety there.
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What are the two main classes of drugs used to treat anxiety disorders?
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines are the two main types of anti-anxiety medication-- one you might have heard of is Valium. SSRIs (serotonin reuptake inhibitors) block the reuptake of serotonin into the neuron, therefore increasing the amount of serotonin in the synapatic cleft and making people feel happier since serotonin is a "feel good hormone." MAO inhibitors block monoamine oxidase from transporting "feel good hormones" from the brain, thereby increasing their availability and making people feel happier. SSRIs and MAO inhibitors are used to treat major depressive disorder and lithium is used to treat bipolar disorder.
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What do SSRI's lead to?
SSRI's, or Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, inhibit reuptake of serotonin, and therefore increases the availability of serotonin in the brain. SSRIs are the most common treatment for clinical depression.
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Benzodiazepine is a psychoactive drug whose core ring is a fusion of benzene and diazepine. It is most commonly used to treat anxiety, insomnia, agitation, and seizures. Benzos achieve this effect by doing which of the following in the brain?
Benzos enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA. The GABA neurotransmitter suppresses the activity of nerves. By enhancing it's function, overactive nerve signals that are believed to increase anxiety are calmed down.
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is most effective for treating disorders associated with mood, sleep, and motivation?
Serotonin is most effective in treating disorders associated with mood, sleep, and motivation. When serotonin levels are too low, patients are at risk of developing depression and OCD tendencies. When serotonin levels are too high, patients lack motivation.
The other choices are incorrect. Glutamate's function is to register pain and store new information in memory. Norepinephrine is a major part of the autonomic nervous system and is important for attention and regulation of the flight-or-fright response. Last, dopamine is the neurotransmitter involved in rewards, motivation, executive functioning, and motor control.
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Which of the following best defines trephination?
Trephination is "an early form of treatment for psychological disorders which involved drilling holes in the skull." The key to this answer is realizing that trephination is an early form of treatment. From there you can narrow it down to two different answers (i.e. "an early form of treatment for psychological disorders which involved drilling holes in the skull" and "an early form of treatment for psychological disorders which involved removing the spleen from the body). Since psychological disorders are associated with the mind or the brain, you can deduce that this treatment will involve the head (or in this case the skull). "A type of counseling where individuals are asked about their dreams" is indicative of dream analysis, while "a modern treatment for psychological disorders where the prefrontal lobe is severed" is a lobotomy and is rarely performed today.
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Which neurotransmitter affects the brain's reward system and executive functioning in the frontal lobes?
Dopamine works with the brain's reward system, motivation, and executive functioning in the frontal lobes. A lack of dopamine can lead to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, while too much can lead to aggression. Hyperactive, damaged, or a lack of dopamine receptors can lead to addictions, which attempt to increase dopamine levels in the brain.
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Which of the following disorders is not typically treated with psychotropic medication?
"Binge eating disorder" (BED) is an eating disorder characterized by the consumption of large quantities of food (often very quickly and to the point of nausea and/or vomiting), along with experiencing shame and guilt afterwards. Typically, treatment of BED involves psychotherapy along with nutritional care. The other answer choices are usually treated with a psychotropic medication (e.g. antidepressants) along with psychotherapy.
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