Aaron’s heart started beating faster when he encountered a bear on a hiking trip. When he realized his heartbeat was faster, he realized he was afraid.

After being insulted by her friend, Beatrice simultaneously feels her muscles tense up and herself starting to get angry.

Daniel is told over the phone that his mother has been in a severe car accident. His brain processes this information and sends out signals that cause tears to well up in his eyes as well as trigger a rush of sadness.

Violet sees a brightly colored snake in her backyard, which triggers autonomic arousal in her body. As she becomes aware of this activated state, Violet considers why her body is reacting this way and determines that she must be excited since she loves snakes.

A person initiates an argument with their spouse in order to have an outlet for their anger.

A teenager goes through a haunted house to feel intense fear, and after leaving has a surge of elation.

A drug addict experiences euphoria while on a drug, and intense pain while going through withdrawal.

All of these

None of these

To avoid danger and facilitate survival, in order allow for reproduction.

To create a replicable language.

To engage in prosocial relationships with peers.

To allow the organism to find food.

To teach organisms how to maladaptively cope with stressors.

Alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion

Alarm reaction, exhaustion, resistance

Resistance, alarm reaction, exhaustion

Resistance, exhaustion, alarm reaction

Exhaustion, alarm reaction, resistance

Contempt, happiness, anger, surprise, sadness, disgust, and fear

Enthusiasm, happiness, anger, surprise, and sadness

Contempt, happiness, anger, hunger, pain, and ecstasy

Confusion, contempt, happiness, anger, surprise, sadness, disgust, and fear

Anger, rage, happiness, joy, confusion, sadness, self-satisfaction

Cognitive labeling

Unmet needs

Physical stimulation

Physiological arousal in the gut

Damaged relationships

physiological arousal . . . cognitive label

cognitive arousal . . . physiological markers

cognitive mapping . . . physiological arousal

physiological arousal . . . physiological resolution

bodily changes cause emotion

emotions occur before physical changes.

physical changes and emotions go hand in hand.

people only have two basic emotions.

One's emotional experience depends on one's interpretation of the situation.

One's emotional experience depends on inner physiology.

One's emotional experience depends on one's ability to engage in metacognition.

One's emotional experience depends on one's cognitive coping strategies.

One's emotional experience depends on one's cognitive energy.

The hypothesis that in response to environmental changes, a physiological change happens first, which then prompts an emotion

The many different archetypes that represents a person during the process of individuation

A type of learning that occurs when a subject continually experiences a stimuli and corresponding response, and thus begins to associate the two together

The development of an "ego identity" through one's life

The instinct to satisfy "deficiency needs" in order to avoid unpleasant feelings or outcomes