These industries will generally be located near the source of inputs in order to minimize transportation costs.

Labor costs are minimized in bulk-reducing industries because of the extensive use of machinery.

To minimize transportation costs, these industries are generally located near where the final product will be sold.

Bulk-reducing industries have greater profits because they generally only sell to large-scale distributors.

The prices of the final products are greatly inflated to offset the costs related to the product inputs.

economic restructuring

industrial privatization

commercial diversification

scientific management

imbalanced development

Companies pay for the labor of loading and unloading goods from vehicles, and this cost is usually the same no matter how far the material has traveled.

Longer-distance transportation is more likely to pass through a break-of-bulk point, which makes transportation easier.

The cost of purchasing a vehicle is the same no matter how much the material has traveled.

Buildings farther away from urban areas are cheaper, and therefore balance out the increased costs of transporting materials.

The cost of purchasing fuel is greatly decreased if purchased in bulk.

Outsourcing

Fundraising

Deglomeration

Migrating

Agglomeration

Hartford and tourism

Kansas and farming

Texas and energy

Los Angeles and entertainment

New York City and finance

Conglomerate corporations

Transnational corporations

Multinational corporations

Joint-stock companies

Cottage companies

In a closed shop, it is required that factory workers join the union. In an open shop, it is not required.

In a closed shop, new factory workers are not allowed into the union. In an open shop, new factory workers are allowed into the union.

In a closed shop, joining the union is not a condition of employment in factories. In an open shop, it is a condition.

In a closed shop, union members are not allowed to apply for jobs in the factory. In an open shop, they are allowed to apply.

In a closed shop, the "backdoor" is not open. In an open shop, the "backdoor" is open.

brick and mortar businesses

the retail industry

the manufacturing industry

the law of retail gravitation

the effects of globalization

agriculture

office work

teaching

shopkeeping

A car manufacturer produces all of its own parts and then sells luxury vehicles in the international market.

A marketing company only hires for their upper-level positions from employees who already work at the company.

An electronics company based in Tokyo ships raw materials to independent companies in China to be made into computer parts.

The CEO of a company integrates the ideas of his employers into his business model.

A clothing company buys completed articles of clothing from several manufacturers and then sews on the company label before reselling.