Understanding Dominant and Recessive Traits - AP Biology
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Which of the following is an example of an somatic cell?
Which of the following is an example of an somatic cell?
Somatic cells in humans have two copies of each chromosome (2n=46) as opposed to haploid cells which have only one set of chromosomes (n=23). Muscle cells are somatic cells, sperm and ova are haploid cells, since they are gametes.
Somatic cells in humans have two copies of each chromosome (2n=46) as opposed to haploid cells which have only one set of chromosomes (n=23). Muscle cells are somatic cells, sperm and ova are haploid cells, since they are gametes.
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Which of the following is an example of an somatic cell?
Which of the following is an example of an somatic cell?
Somatic cells in humans have two copies of each chromosome (2n=46) as opposed to haploid cells which have only one set of chromosomes (n=23). Muscle cells are somatic cells, sperm and ova are haploid cells, since they are gametes.
Somatic cells in humans have two copies of each chromosome (2n=46) as opposed to haploid cells which have only one set of chromosomes (n=23). Muscle cells are somatic cells, sperm and ova are haploid cells, since they are gametes.
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Which of the following is an example of an somatic cell?
Which of the following is an example of an somatic cell?
Somatic cells in humans have two copies of each chromosome (2n=46) as opposed to haploid cells which have only one set of chromosomes (n=23). Muscle cells are somatic cells, sperm and ova are haploid cells, since they are gametes.
Somatic cells in humans have two copies of each chromosome (2n=46) as opposed to haploid cells which have only one set of chromosomes (n=23). Muscle cells are somatic cells, sperm and ova are haploid cells, since they are gametes.
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Which of the following is an example of an somatic cell?
Which of the following is an example of an somatic cell?
Somatic cells in humans have two copies of each chromosome (2n=46) as opposed to haploid cells which have only one set of chromosomes (n=23). Muscle cells are somatic cells, sperm and ova are haploid cells, since they are gametes.
Somatic cells in humans have two copies of each chromosome (2n=46) as opposed to haploid cells which have only one set of chromosomes (n=23). Muscle cells are somatic cells, sperm and ova are haploid cells, since they are gametes.
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Which of the following is an example of a haploid cell?
Which of the following is an example of a haploid cell?
A haploid cell is a cell that possesses only a single set of chromosomes (n=23) as opposed to the double set found in somatic cells (2n=46). The gametes (sperm and ova) in humans are examples of haploid cells. Also, the zygote is formed upon fusion of two gametes, and is thus diploid.
A haploid cell is a cell that possesses only a single set of chromosomes (n=23) as opposed to the double set found in somatic cells (2n=46). The gametes (sperm and ova) in humans are examples of haploid cells. Also, the zygote is formed upon fusion of two gametes, and is thus diploid.
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Brown fur (B) in mice is dominant over white fur (bb). You have two brown mice, and when they are bred together you obtain 3 brown-haired offspring and one white-haired offspring. What must have been the genotypes of these brown-haired parents?
Brown fur (B) in mice is dominant over white fur (bb). You have two brown mice, and when they are bred together you obtain 3 brown-haired offspring and one white-haired offspring. What must have been the genotypes of these brown-haired parents?
Since B is completely dominant over b, and you obtained a 3:1 ratio of phenotypes, the parents must have been heterozygous, therefore you can represent their genotypes as Bb.
If either parent were BB, you would obtain only brown offspring. If either parent were bb, they would have been white (rather than bronw).
Since B is completely dominant over b, and you obtained a 3:1 ratio of phenotypes, the parents must have been heterozygous, therefore you can represent their genotypes as Bb.
If either parent were BB, you would obtain only brown offspring. If either parent were bb, they would have been white (rather than bronw).
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According to Mendel's experiments using pea plants, yellow color is autosomal dominant to green and round seeds are autosomal dominant to wrinkled seeds.
If you cross two plants that are each homozygous dominant for color and heterozygous for seed shape, what percentage of the F1 offspring would have round seeds?
According to Mendel's experiments using pea plants, yellow color is autosomal dominant to green and round seeds are autosomal dominant to wrinkled seeds.
If you cross two plants that are each homozygous dominant for color and heterozygous for seed shape, what percentage of the F1 offspring would have round seeds?
Because the plants are homozygous dominant for color, you need only consider seed shape. Crossing a heterozygous plant with another heterozygous plant will always lead to 75% of offspring in the F1 generation displaying the dominant trait.
All of the offsrping will also be yellow, though this does not directly relate to the answer.
Because the plants are homozygous dominant for color, you need only consider seed shape. Crossing a heterozygous plant with another heterozygous plant will always lead to 75% of offspring in the F1 generation displaying the dominant trait.
All of the offsrping will also be yellow, though this does not directly relate to the answer.
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According to Mendel's experiments using pea plants, yellow color (allele B) is autosomal dominant to green (allele b) and round seeds (allele A) are autosomal dominant to wrinkled seeds (allele a).
What proportion of F1 offspring will be yellow with wrinkled seeds if you cross two plants that are heterozygous for both traits?
According to Mendel's experiments using pea plants, yellow color (allele B) is autosomal dominant to green (allele b) and round seeds (allele A) are autosomal dominant to wrinkled seeds (allele a).
What proportion of F1 offspring will be yellow with wrinkled seeds if you cross two plants that are heterozygous for both traits?
When examining two autosomal dominant traits, a cross between two heterozygous individuals will always produce F1 offspring in the same 9:3:3:1 ratio. Nine of the sixteen are individuals who are dominant for both traits, six are individuals who are dominant for one trait and recessive for the other, and the single individual is recessive for both traits. Three individuals will be yellow with wrinkled seeds, and three will be green with round seeds.
When examining two autosomal dominant traits, a cross between two heterozygous individuals will always produce F1 offspring in the same 9:3:3:1 ratio. Nine of the sixteen are individuals who are dominant for both traits, six are individuals who are dominant for one trait and recessive for the other, and the single individual is recessive for both traits. Three individuals will be yellow with wrinkled seeds, and three will be green with round seeds.
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Imagine a flower that can have two different colors and two different seed shapes. Purple is dominant to white, and round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds. A pure breeding purple flower with round seeds is crossed with a pure breeding white flower with wrinkled seeds. The F1 generation is then self crossed.
What proportion of the F2 generation will be purple with wrinkled seeds?
Imagine a flower that can have two different colors and two different seed shapes. Purple is dominant to white, and round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds. A pure breeding purple flower with round seeds is crossed with a pure breeding white flower with wrinkled seeds. The F1 generation is then self crossed.
What proportion of the F2 generation will be purple with wrinkled seeds?
The first cross will produce a generation of double heterozygous flowers. Self-crossing this generation becomes a dihybrid cross problem.
In order to solve this problem, you can use either a punnett square and count the squares that display this phenotype, or you can use probability. Since purple is dominant, three out of four flowers will display the color purple. Since wrinkled is recessive to round, only one out of four flowers will display this phenotype. Since the flowers in question must express both of these traits, we can simply multiply these two fractions together.
You should be familiar with the 9:3:3:1 ratio of dihybrid cross phenotypes. A phenotype of one dominant trait and one recessive trait will always be observed with a 
frequency.
The first cross will produce a generation of double heterozygous flowers. Self-crossing this generation becomes a dihybrid cross problem.
In order to solve this problem, you can use either a punnett square and count the squares that display this phenotype, or you can use probability. Since purple is dominant, three out of four flowers will display the color purple. Since wrinkled is recessive to round, only one out of four flowers will display this phenotype. Since the flowers in question must express both of these traits, we can simply multiply these two fractions together.
You should be familiar with the 9:3:3:1 ratio of dihybrid cross phenotypes. A phenotype of one dominant trait and one recessive trait will always be observed with a
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Dominant traits are __________.
Dominant traits are __________.
Dominant alleles are neither better, nor worse than recessive alleles. They are simply expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygous pair. Several deleterious, and even deadly disorders like Huntington's disease, are inherited via an autosomal dominant pattern.
Note that the frequency of an allele or genotype in a population must be determined experimentally, and can be linked to environmental influences, autosomal versus sex-linked patterns, and numerous other factors.
Dominant alleles are neither better, nor worse than recessive alleles. They are simply expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygous pair. Several deleterious, and even deadly disorders like Huntington's disease, are inherited via an autosomal dominant pattern.
Note that the frequency of an allele or genotype in a population must be determined experimentally, and can be linked to environmental influences, autosomal versus sex-linked patterns, and numerous other factors.
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Green antennae are dominant to blue antennae for a particular alien species. If an alien with green antennae mates with an alien with blue antennae, what is the chance that their offspring will have blue antennae?
Green antennae are dominant to blue antennae for a particular alien species. If an alien with green antennae mates with an alien with blue antennae, what is the chance that their offspring will have blue antennae?
Since one of the parent has blue antennae, we know for that they have a homozygous recessive genotype (bb). The information given in the question does not tell us whether or not the parent with green antennae is homozygous dominant (BB) or heterozygous (Bb). The cross could be set up as either BB x bb or Bb x bb. These two crosses would give you a 0% chance and a 50% chance of having a child with blue antennae, respectively.
BB x bb: Offspring will all be Bb, and cannot show the blue phenotype.
Bb x bb: Half of the offspring will be Bb and half will be bb. Half of the offspring will show the blue phenotype.
Since one of the parent has blue antennae, we know for that they have a homozygous recessive genotype (bb). The information given in the question does not tell us whether or not the parent with green antennae is homozygous dominant (BB) or heterozygous (Bb). The cross could be set up as either BB x bb or Bb x bb. These two crosses would give you a 0% chance and a 50% chance of having a child with blue antennae, respectively.
BB x bb: Offspring will all be Bb, and cannot show the blue phenotype.
Bb x bb: Half of the offspring will be Bb and half will be bb. Half of the offspring will show the blue phenotype.
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In a certain breed of dog, yellow fur is dominant to black fur. A breeder of this breed is trying to figure out the genotype of one of her dogs with yellow fur. She decides to breed it with one of her dogs that has black fur.
What would be the ratio of offspring with yellow fur to offspring with black fur if the unknown parent was actually heterozygous for fur color?
In a certain breed of dog, yellow fur is dominant to black fur. A breeder of this breed is trying to figure out the genotype of one of her dogs with yellow fur. She decides to breed it with one of her dogs that has black fur.
What would be the ratio of offspring with yellow fur to offspring with black fur if the unknown parent was actually heterozygous for fur color?
If the dog with the unknown genotype is heterozygous, our cross would be: Aa x aa. In this model, A represents the dominant yellow-fur allele and a represents the recessive black-fur allele. We the black furred dog has to be genotype aa because he displays the recessive phenotype. The offspring produced from this cross would be 2 Aa and 2 aa genotypes, based on a punnet square.
This cross would generate offspring that are 50% Aa and 50% aa. This corresponds to 50% yellow and 50% black.
If the dog with the unknown genotype is heterozygous, our cross would be: Aa x aa. In this model, A represents the dominant yellow-fur allele and a represents the recessive black-fur allele. We the black furred dog has to be genotype aa because he displays the recessive phenotype. The offspring produced from this cross would be 2 Aa and 2 aa genotypes, based on a punnet square.
This cross would generate offspring that are 50% Aa and 50% aa. This corresponds to 50% yellow and 50% black.
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A certain kidney disease is controlled by an allele that is autosomal recessive. A man's father has the condition, while his mother is healthy and homozygous for the normal allele. If the man marries a woman who is a carrier, what is the probability that their first child will have the disease?
A certain kidney disease is controlled by an allele that is autosomal recessive. A man's father has the condition, while his mother is healthy and homozygous for the normal allele. If the man marries a woman who is a carrier, what is the probability that their first child will have the disease?
First, we need to find the genotype of the man. We know that his father has the disease, and that his mother is homozygous dominant. For his father to display the autosomal recessive trait, he must be homozygous recessive. We can thus write the man's parents' genotypes, using A as the dominant allele and a as the recessive allele.
Parents: AA (mother) x aa (father)
Offspring: All offspring will be Aa.
The man must inherit one allele from each parent, meaning he must be heterozygous.
This man, we are told, marries a heterozygous woman and they have a child. Again, we can write out this cross.
Man and woman: Aa (man) x Aa (woman)
Offspring: 1 AA (dominant), 2 Aa (dominant), 1 aa (recessive)
The possible offspring from this cross show a three-to-one ratio for displaying the dominant phenotype. Only one of the four possible offspring will be homozygous recessive and display the recessive phenotype. This one-in-four chance correspond to a 25% chance.
First, we need to find the genotype of the man. We know that his father has the disease, and that his mother is homozygous dominant. For his father to display the autosomal recessive trait, he must be homozygous recessive. We can thus write the man's parents' genotypes, using A as the dominant allele and a as the recessive allele.
Parents: AA (mother) x aa (father)
Offspring: All offspring will be Aa.
The man must inherit one allele from each parent, meaning he must be heterozygous.
This man, we are told, marries a heterozygous woman and they have a child. Again, we can write out this cross.
Man and woman: Aa (man) x Aa (woman)
Offspring: 1 AA (dominant), 2 Aa (dominant), 1 aa (recessive)
The possible offspring from this cross show a three-to-one ratio for displaying the dominant phenotype. Only one of the four possible offspring will be homozygous recessive and display the recessive phenotype. This one-in-four chance correspond to a 25% chance.
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Two mice are crossed. The father is black and heterozygous, and the mother is white and homozygous. If they have twelve offspring, how many will most likely be white if the allele for color is autosomal?
Two mice are crossed. The father is black and heterozygous, and the mother is white and homozygous. If they have twelve offspring, how many will most likely be white if the allele for color is autosomal?
We know that the allele is autosomal, the father is heterozygous and black, and the mother is homozygous and white. From this information, we can determine that black must be dominant to white since the heterozygote shows the black phenotype. We will use B to represent the dominant black allele and b to represent the recessive white allele.
Cross: Bb x bb
Offspring: Half Bb (black) and half bb (white)
We can see that roughly half of the offspring will show the white phenotype. If there are twelve offspring, six of them will be white.
We know that the allele is autosomal, the father is heterozygous and black, and the mother is homozygous and white. From this information, we can determine that black must be dominant to white since the heterozygote shows the black phenotype. We will use B to represent the dominant black allele and b to represent the recessive white allele.
Cross: Bb x bb
Offspring: Half Bb (black) and half bb (white)
We can see that roughly half of the offspring will show the white phenotype. If there are twelve offspring, six of them will be white.
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What is an allele?
What is an allele?
Alleles are simply different versions of the same gene that encode for variations of the same characteristic. For example, different eye colors are encoded by different alleles of the same gene.
Alleles are simply different versions of the same gene that encode for variations of the same characteristic. For example, different eye colors are encoded by different alleles of the same gene.
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The mating of two varieties of a species is called __________.
The mating of two varieties of a species is called __________.
Hybridization is the mating of two varieties of a species to produce hybrids. A classic example would be crossing purple flowered pea plants and white flowered pea plants. The resulting offspring would all be genetic hybrids in this case though they may only display one color.
Hybridization is the mating of two varieties of a species to produce hybrids. A classic example would be crossing purple flowered pea plants and white flowered pea plants. The resulting offspring would all be genetic hybrids in this case though they may only display one color.
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If A is a dominant allele conferring brown hair and a is the recessive allele conferring blonde hair, a heterozygote as what genotype?
If A is a dominant allele conferring brown hair and a is the recessive allele conferring blonde hair, a heterozygote as what genotype?
A genotype is the genetic makeup of alleles coding for a characteristic. In this example, a heterozygote has one recessive and one dominant allele, making the genotype Aa. The phenotype is the observable expression of the genotype. Since a heterozygote has one dominant allele and one recessive allele, the dominant allele is exhibited, thus the phenotype is brown hair.
A genotype is the genetic makeup of alleles coding for a characteristic. In this example, a heterozygote has one recessive and one dominant allele, making the genotype Aa. The phenotype is the observable expression of the genotype. Since a heterozygote has one dominant allele and one recessive allele, the dominant allele is exhibited, thus the phenotype is brown hair.
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If B is a dominant allele conferring a purple flower and b is the recessive allele conferring a white flower, a homozygote recessive plant will have what phenotype?
If B is a dominant allele conferring a purple flower and b is the recessive allele conferring a white flower, a homozygote recessive plant will have what phenotype?
The phenotype is the observable characteristic of an individual. In this example, a homozygous recessive plant will have a white flower phenotype and a genotype of aa.
The phenotype is the observable characteristic of an individual. In this example, a homozygous recessive plant will have a white flower phenotype and a genotype of aa.
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Which of the following is not true about alleles?
Which of the following is not true about alleles?
An allele is a genetic variant of a given trait. Alleles for the given trait within an individual are located at the same genetic locus. The resulting observable characteristic is called a phenotype. Humans are diploid organisms, meaning that they have two copies of each gene, where each copy may be the same or different alleles.
An allele is a genetic variant of a given trait. Alleles for the given trait within an individual are located at the same genetic locus. The resulting observable characteristic is called a phenotype. Humans are diploid organisms, meaning that they have two copies of each gene, where each copy may be the same or different alleles.
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Which one of the following scientists carried out experiments using pea plants to discover the fundamental principles of genetics?
Which one of the following scientists carried out experiments using pea plants to discover the fundamental principles of genetics?
Gregor Mendel carried out experiments using pea plants to discover the fundamental principles of genetics. Louis Pasteur was a microbiologist who is known for his work with vaccines and pasteurization. Both Francis Crick and James Watson are credited for their discovery of the structure of DNA.
Gregor Mendel carried out experiments using pea plants to discover the fundamental principles of genetics. Louis Pasteur was a microbiologist who is known for his work with vaccines and pasteurization. Both Francis Crick and James Watson are credited for their discovery of the structure of DNA.
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