Understanding Carbohydrates - AP Biology
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Which of the following is best described as two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage?
Which of the following is best described as two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage?
When two monosaccharides connected together by a glycosidic linkage into a single unit, the product is called a disaccharide. Strings of monosaccharides linked together are called polysaccharides.
When two monosaccharides connected together by a glycosidic linkage into a single unit, the product is called a disaccharide. Strings of monosaccharides linked together are called polysaccharides.
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Which of the following macromolecules is found only in plants and is described as a polysaccharide consisting entirely of glucose molecules?
Which of the following macromolecules is found only in plants and is described as a polysaccharide consisting entirely of glucose molecules?
Starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants. It is a polymer consisting solely of glucose. Glucose is a source of fuel for cells; therefore, starch is stored for energy.
Starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants. It is a polymer consisting solely of glucose. Glucose is a source of fuel for cells; therefore, starch is stored for energy.
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Starch is commonly found in which of the following organisms?
Starch is commonly found in which of the following organisms?
Starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants. It is a polymer consisting solely of glucose. Glucose is a source of fuel for cells; therefore, starch is stored for energy.
Starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants. It is a polymer consisting solely of glucose. Glucose is a source of fuel for cells; therefore, starch is stored for energy.
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Which of the following is defined as a polysaccharide energy source stored by animals?
Which of the following is defined as a polysaccharide energy source stored by animals?
Glycogen is a polysaccharide used as energy storage in animals. Glycogen is a polymer made up of glucose units and undergoes hydrolysis to release glucose when demand for sugar increases.
Glycogen is a polysaccharide used as energy storage in animals. Glycogen is a polymer made up of glucose units and undergoes hydrolysis to release glucose when demand for sugar increases.
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Which of the following is a major component found in the walls that enclose plant cells?
Which of the following is a major component found in the walls that enclose plant cells?
The polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls. Similar to starch, cellulose is made up of glucose though the linkages in the polymers are different.
The polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls. Similar to starch, cellulose is made up of glucose though the linkages in the polymers are different.
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Which of the following is a component of starch, cellulose, and glycogen?
Which of the following is a component of starch, cellulose, and glycogen?
Starch, cellulose and glycogen are all made up of units of glucose; however, their overall structures and configurations differ.
Starch, cellulose and glycogen are all made up of units of glucose; however, their overall structures and configurations differ.
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Arthropods use which of the following carbohydrates to construct their exoskeletons?
Arthropods use which of the following carbohydrates to construct their exoskeletons?
Chitin is a structural polysaccharide used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons. Chitin is also found in fungi as well. Cellulose is the structural component found in the cell walls of plants.
Chitin is a structural polysaccharide used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons. Chitin is also found in fungi as well. Cellulose is the structural component found in the cell walls of plants.
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Which of the following molecules is unique to arthropods and some types of fungi?
Which of the following molecules is unique to arthropods and some types of fungi?
Arthropods use the polysaccharide chitin to build their exoskeletons. Certain types of fungi also use chitin instead of cellulose for building their cell walls.
Arthropods use the polysaccharide chitin to build their exoskeletons. Certain types of fungi also use chitin instead of cellulose for building their cell walls.
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Arthropods use which of the following carbohydrates to construct their exoskeletons?
Arthropods use which of the following carbohydrates to construct their exoskeletons?
Chitin is a structural polysaccharide used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons. Chitin is also found in fungi as well. Cellulose is the structural component found in the cell walls of plants.
Chitin is a structural polysaccharide used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons. Chitin is also found in fungi as well. Cellulose is the structural component found in the cell walls of plants.
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Which of the following molecules is unique to arthropods and some types of fungi?
Which of the following molecules is unique to arthropods and some types of fungi?
Arthropods use the polysaccharide chitin to build their exoskeletons. Certain types of fungi also use chitin instead of cellulose for building their cell walls.
Arthropods use the polysaccharide chitin to build their exoskeletons. Certain types of fungi also use chitin instead of cellulose for building their cell walls.
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Which of the following best describes how energy is stored during cellular respiration?
Which of the following best describes how energy is stored during cellular respiration?
Energy is stored in the form of glucose. Cells, in turn, tap into glucose reserves to fuel cellular respiration. The carbon in glucose also serves as raw materials for the synthesis of other molecules such as amino acids.
Energy is stored in the form of glucose. Cells, in turn, tap into glucose reserves to fuel cellular respiration. The carbon in glucose also serves as raw materials for the synthesis of other molecules such as amino acids.
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Which of the following is a carbohydrate?
Which of the following is a carbohydrate?
Mannose is an epimer of glucose, and is a carbohydrate. Typically, molecule names ending in "–ose" will be carbohydrates. The other answers each belong to a different category of macromolecule: cholesterol is a lipid, miRNA is a nucleic acid, and lipase is a protein.
Just as the suffix "ose" signifies a carbohydrate, the suffix "ol" indicates a lipid and the suffix "ase" indicates a protein.
Mannose is an epimer of glucose, and is a carbohydrate. Typically, molecule names ending in "–ose" will be carbohydrates. The other answers each belong to a different category of macromolecule: cholesterol is a lipid, miRNA is a nucleic acid, and lipase is a protein.
Just as the suffix "ose" signifies a carbohydrate, the suffix "ol" indicates a lipid and the suffix "ase" indicates a protein.
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Which of the following is one of the primary functions of carbohydrates?
Which of the following is one of the primary functions of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates, such as glucose and fructose, are primarily used in metabolic pathways to provide energy for the cell. Glucose is the first reactant necessary for driving glycolysis and subsequent cellular respiration in the cell, with the goal of producing ATP.
Proteins and enzymes serve to catalyze reactions. Nucleic acids store genetic material. Lipids form the membranes that surround and protect organelles.
Carbohydrates, such as glucose and fructose, are primarily used in metabolic pathways to provide energy for the cell. Glucose is the first reactant necessary for driving glycolysis and subsequent cellular respiration in the cell, with the goal of producing ATP.
Proteins and enzymes serve to catalyze reactions. Nucleic acids store genetic material. Lipids form the membranes that surround and protect organelles.
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Beta amylase is an enzyme that breaks down polysaccharides into component monosaccharides, but is not produced by humans. Beta amylase is most effective in digesting which of the following?
Beta amylase is an enzyme that breaks down polysaccharides into component monosaccharides, but is not produced by humans. Beta amylase is most effective in digesting which of the following?
Starch and glycogen have alpha glycosidic bonds between each glucose molecule. Humans can digest starch and glycogen because humans possess alpha amylase, which breaks these alpha linkages.
Cellulose contains beta glycosidic bonds, which can be digested by beta amylase. Since humans do not possess beta amylase protein, they are unable to digest cellulose.
Starch and cellulose are polysaccharides that are found in plants and glycogen is found in human liver. All three polysaccharides are made from glucose, a monosaccharide.
Starch and glycogen have alpha glycosidic bonds between each glucose molecule. Humans can digest starch and glycogen because humans possess alpha amylase, which breaks these alpha linkages.
Cellulose contains beta glycosidic bonds, which can be digested by beta amylase. Since humans do not possess beta amylase protein, they are unable to digest cellulose.
Starch and cellulose are polysaccharides that are found in plants and glycogen is found in human liver. All three polysaccharides are made from glucose, a monosaccharide.
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Which of the following carbohydrates does not have a molecular formula of 
?
Which of the following carbohydrates does not have a molecular formula of
Carbohydrates have an empirical formula of 
. The most common types of carbohydrates are pentoses (5-carbon carbohydrates) and hexoses (6-carbon carbohydrates). All 6-carbon carbohydrates share the molecular formula 
.
Glucose, galactose, and mannose are all hexoses. The only difference between these three carbohydrates is their relative orientation of hydroxyl groups on the carbons.
Ribose is a pentose, and has a different molecular formula. Remember that all nucleic acids contain 5-carbon rings.
Carbohydrates have an empirical formula of
Glucose, galactose, and mannose are all hexoses. The only difference between these three carbohydrates is their relative orientation of hydroxyl groups on the carbons.
Ribose is a pentose, and has a different molecular formula. Remember that all nucleic acids contain 5-carbon rings.
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Which of the following statements is true regarding glycogen?
Which of the following statements is true regarding glycogen?
Recall that glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, whereas insulin promotes formation of glycogen from glucose molecules. Both hormones function to regulate glucose levels. You can eliminate choices with galactose because glycogen is made up of glucose, not galactose.
You can also eliminate the answer choice that suggests that glycogen is stored in the pancreas. The pancreas releases the hormones insulin and glucagon, but it doesn’t store glycogen. The glycogen is actually stored in the liver. Increased levels of insulin increase the amount of glycogen stored in the liver.
Recall that glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, whereas insulin promotes formation of glycogen from glucose molecules. Both hormones function to regulate glucose levels. You can eliminate choices with galactose because glycogen is made up of glucose, not galactose.
You can also eliminate the answer choice that suggests that glycogen is stored in the pancreas. The pancreas releases the hormones insulin and glucagon, but it doesn’t store glycogen. The glycogen is actually stored in the liver. Increased levels of insulin increase the amount of glycogen stored in the liver.
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What is the main source of carbohydrates used in the human body for energy?
What is the main source of carbohydrates used in the human body for energy?
Glucose is the main source of energy in the human body. It is a six carbon sugar that, when fully oxidized, can yield as many as 36 ATP. The brain in the human body uses glucose exclusively, though other parts of the body are capable of metabolizing other sugars. When complex sugars are ingested, they are broken down and converted by various enzymes to produce glucose. The glucose then enters into glycolysis to generate cellular energy.
Glucose is the main source of energy in the human body. It is a six carbon sugar that, when fully oxidized, can yield as many as 36 ATP. The brain in the human body uses glucose exclusively, though other parts of the body are capable of metabolizing other sugars. When complex sugars are ingested, they are broken down and converted by various enzymes to produce glucose. The glucose then enters into glycolysis to generate cellular energy.
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When does glycolysis occur?
When does glycolysis occur?
Glycolysis occurs within the cytosol of the cell, during both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis is the first step to generate energy from the breakdown of carbohydrates.
Glycolysis does not involve the breakdown of proteins or fatty acids. Fermentation can be used to regenerate NAD+, with a byproduct of lactic acid or ethanol, during anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis will occur simultaneous to fermentation, but will also occur during healthy aerobic respiration.
Glycolysis occurs within the cytosol of the cell, during both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis is the first step to generate energy from the breakdown of carbohydrates.
Glycolysis does not involve the breakdown of proteins or fatty acids. Fermentation can be used to regenerate NAD+, with a byproduct of lactic acid or ethanol, during anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis will occur simultaneous to fermentation, but will also occur during healthy aerobic respiration.
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Which of the following is not a basic biological building block?
Which of the following is not a basic biological building block?
Enzymes are proteins, which are composed of amino acids. Biomolecules are made of polymers. The monomers in nucleic acids are nucleotides. The monomers in carbohydrates are monosaccharides. Lipids are biomolecules, but their structure does not follow as clear of a pattern as the other three. Depending on the textbook, we may consider fatty acids, or hydrocarbons as "monomers" of lipids. There is some ambiguity with lipids because their structures are diverse and are not always chains of repeating subunits.
Enzymes are proteins, which are composed of amino acids. Biomolecules are made of polymers. The monomers in nucleic acids are nucleotides. The monomers in carbohydrates are monosaccharides. Lipids are biomolecules, but their structure does not follow as clear of a pattern as the other three. Depending on the textbook, we may consider fatty acids, or hydrocarbons as "monomers" of lipids. There is some ambiguity with lipids because their structures are diverse and are not always chains of repeating subunits.
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Which of the following is a polymer composed of sugar monomers?
Which of the following is a polymer composed of sugar monomers?
Carbohydrates and proteins are polymers (a long chain molecule generally composed of repeating single units), but glucose and lipids are not polymers (though glucose has the ability to polymerize). Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Carbohydrates are polymers of sugar monomers or monosaccharides. Lactose is a disaccharide or two sugar monomers connected.
Carbohydrates and proteins are polymers (a long chain molecule generally composed of repeating single units), but glucose and lipids are not polymers (though glucose has the ability to polymerize). Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Carbohydrates are polymers of sugar monomers or monosaccharides. Lactose is a disaccharide or two sugar monomers connected.
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