Understanding Amino Acids - AP Biology
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What type of chemical bonds are involved when codons bond to anticodons in translation?
What type of chemical bonds are involved when codons bond to anticodons in translation?
The bonding of a codon to its anticodon is accomplished through the use of hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds; therefore, amino acids are easily dissociated from their corresponding transfer RNA once delivered to the ribosome for translation. Hydrogen bonds are also responsible for connecting the bases of complementary strands of DNA which results in its double helix.
The bonding of a codon to its anticodon is accomplished through the use of hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds; therefore, amino acids are easily dissociated from their corresponding transfer RNA once delivered to the ribosome for translation. Hydrogen bonds are also responsible for connecting the bases of complementary strands of DNA which results in its double helix.
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A point mutation during translation would most likely incorporate which of the following amino acids?
A point mutation during translation would most likely incorporate which of the following amino acids?
The effect of a point mutation is not dependent on the amino acid—the amino acid's selection is entirely independent of its structure. The amino acid selection during translation depends only on the three base-pair codon read by the ribosome. For example, the start codon—AUG—recruits methionine. If a frameshift mutation lead to UGG as the codon instead, tryptophan would be recruited. No single amino acid is more likely to be incorporated after a point mutation.
The effect of a point mutation is not dependent on the amino acid—the amino acid's selection is entirely independent of its structure. The amino acid selection during translation depends only on the three base-pair codon read by the ribosome. For example, the start codon—AUG—recruits methionine. If a frameshift mutation lead to UGG as the codon instead, tryptophan would be recruited. No single amino acid is more likely to be incorporated after a point mutation.
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Which of the following is not found on the central carbon of every amino acid?
Which of the following is not found on the central carbon of every amino acid?
Every amino acid has a central carbon with an amino terminus and a carboxyl terminus. There is also a hydrogen attached to the central carbon. The last substituent varies between amino acids and determines how the particular amino acid will be used in proteins. This variable group is known as the "R-group." Only one amino acid, alanine, has a methyl group attached in the "R-group" position.
Every amino acid has a central carbon with an amino terminus and a carboxyl terminus. There is also a hydrogen attached to the central carbon. The last substituent varies between amino acids and determines how the particular amino acid will be used in proteins. This variable group is known as the "R-group." Only one amino acid, alanine, has a methyl group attached in the "R-group" position.
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Amino acids are coded for by three-base mRNA sequences called codons. Although there are 64 possible combinations of three bases, the body only contains 22 standard amino acids. What genetics concept explains this fact?
Amino acids are coded for by three-base mRNA sequences called codons. Although there are 64 possible combinations of three bases, the body only contains 22 standard amino acids. What genetics concept explains this fact?
The degeneracy of the genetic code is a major concept relating to protein synthesis. This concept states that each codon codes for a single amino acid, but that an amino acid can have more than one codon. If each three-base codon corresponded to a different amino acid, 64 amino acids would be produced in the body. Instead, most amino acids are coded for by multiple codons; for example, lysine corresponds to both AAA and AAG. This concept is especially important with regard to mutations. If an AAA codon undergoes a point mutation to become an AAG codon, the same amino acid will be produced, and the organism will be unharmed.
The degeneracy of the genetic code is a major concept relating to protein synthesis. This concept states that each codon codes for a single amino acid, but that an amino acid can have more than one codon. If each three-base codon corresponded to a different amino acid, 64 amino acids would be produced in the body. Instead, most amino acids are coded for by multiple codons; for example, lysine corresponds to both AAA and AAG. This concept is especially important with regard to mutations. If an AAA codon undergoes a point mutation to become an AAG codon, the same amino acid will be produced, and the organism will be unharmed.
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What type of bonds are used to link amino acids into a chain?
What type of bonds are used to link amino acids into a chain?
Peptide bonds are the uniquely named form of covalent bonds that hold together amino acids. These bonds are formed when the carboxylic acid of one amino acids reacts with the amino group of another amino acid. The result is a peptide polymer, known as a polypeptide, and a water molecule.
Glycosidic linkages are seen in sugars, and are used to bind monosaccharides. Hydrogen and ionic bonds are more general intermolecular forces. Hydrogen bonding helps shape the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins, but does not help in the formation of an amino acid chain.
Peptide bonds are the uniquely named form of covalent bonds that hold together amino acids. These bonds are formed when the carboxylic acid of one amino acids reacts with the amino group of another amino acid. The result is a peptide polymer, known as a polypeptide, and a water molecule.
Glycosidic linkages are seen in sugars, and are used to bind monosaccharides. Hydrogen and ionic bonds are more general intermolecular forces. Hydrogen bonding helps shape the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins, but does not help in the formation of an amino acid chain.
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What are the components of an amino acid?
What are the components of an amino acid?
Amino acids consist of an amine, a carboxylic acid, a hydrogen atom and a side chain (often simply referred to as an “R group”). Differences between these side chains are what differentiate amino acids from one another. These four components are bound to a central carbon atom, giving each amino acid a stereocenter. Amino acids form peptide bonds through condensation reactions between the carboxyl group of one residue and the amino group of another.
Amino acids consist of an amine, a carboxylic acid, a hydrogen atom and a side chain (often simply referred to as an “R group”). Differences between these side chains are what differentiate amino acids from one another. These four components are bound to a central carbon atom, giving each amino acid a stereocenter. Amino acids form peptide bonds through condensation reactions between the carboxyl group of one residue and the amino group of another.
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What is a similarity between all amino acids in the body?
What is a similarity between all amino acids in the body?
The amino acids, as denoted by the name, contain amino and carboxyl groups. Each amino acid has the amine group connected to a central carbon, which is then connected to a carboxyl group.
Amino acids may contain R-groups on the central carbon, and all amino acids have a specific R-group except for glycine, which is the simplest amino acid. Glycine is bound to an extra hydrogen atom in place of an R-group. Only methionine can start a protein structure; methionine is coded by the start codon on an mRNA sequence. Some amino acids are capable of forming alpha-helices, while others are capable of disrupting and breaking alpha-helices. Proline, for example, frequently disrupts this secondary structure. Each protein is coded by a specific sequence of amino acids; not all proteins will contain every amino acid.
The amino acids, as denoted by the name, contain amino and carboxyl groups. Each amino acid has the amine group connected to a central carbon, which is then connected to a carboxyl group.
Amino acids may contain R-groups on the central carbon, and all amino acids have a specific R-group except for glycine, which is the simplest amino acid. Glycine is bound to an extra hydrogen atom in place of an R-group. Only methionine can start a protein structure; methionine is coded by the start codon on an mRNA sequence. Some amino acids are capable of forming alpha-helices, while others are capable of disrupting and breaking alpha-helices. Proline, for example, frequently disrupts this secondary structure. Each protein is coded by a specific sequence of amino acids; not all proteins will contain every amino acid.
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The genetic code consists of three base pairs per codon and allows for 64 unique amino acid combinations. If instead the genetic code were to contain four base pairs per codon, what would be the maximum number of amino acids that could be formed from this code?
The genetic code consists of three base pairs per codon and allows for 64 unique amino acid combinations. If instead the genetic code were to contain four base pairs per codon, what would be the maximum number of amino acids that could be formed from this code?
The number of codons can be found by raising the number of nitrogenous bases to the power of the codon length. In the genetic code, there are four bases and codons are three bases in length.
If codons were four bases in length, then the number of possible bases would be raised to the fourth power.
The number of codons can be found by raising the number of nitrogenous bases to the power of the codon length. In the genetic code, there are four bases and codons are three bases in length.
If codons were four bases in length, then the number of possible bases would be raised to the fourth power.
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Which of the following choices best characterizes the primary components of an amino acid?
Which of the following choices best characterizes the primary components of an amino acid?
Amino acids are compounds that make up proteins and polypeptide chains. They are made up of an amine group 
, a carboxylic acid group 
, and a variable side chain. The amine group is called the “N terminus” and the carboxylic acid group is called the “C terminus”. The N terminus of one amino acid and the C terminus of another amino acid can form a peptide bond through a condensation reaction.
Amino acids are compounds that make up proteins and polypeptide chains. They are made up of an amine group
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An amino acid typically contains which of the following functional groups?
An amino acid typically contains which of the following functional groups?
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. The general structure of an amino acid consists of a carboxylic acid and an amine group bonded to a carbon that contains. The carbon contains an R group that varies depending on the amino acid.
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. The general structure of an amino acid consists of a carboxylic acid and an amine group bonded to a carbon that contains. The carbon contains an R group that varies depending on the amino acid.
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Point mutations can have different effects on translation. When a point mutation changes a codon, but it does not change which amino acid is inserted into a protein, it is referred to as a __________ mutation.
Point mutations can have different effects on translation. When a point mutation changes a codon, but it does not change which amino acid is inserted into a protein, it is referred to as a __________ mutation.
The effects of point mutations vary by type. For example, leucine has 6 different codons. If the codon UUA is changed to UUG, the resulting amino acid inserted into the protein is not changed; it is still leucine. This is referred to as a silent mutation.
The effects of point mutations vary by type. For example, leucine has 6 different codons. If the codon UUA is changed to UUG, the resulting amino acid inserted into the protein is not changed; it is still leucine. This is referred to as a silent mutation.
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There are 3 types of RNA. Which type is is responsible for binding to amino acids and bringing them to the ribosome during translation?
There are 3 types of RNA. Which type is is responsible for binding to amino acids and bringing them to the ribosome during translation?
tRNA, or transfer RNA, is responsible for binding amino acids and delivering them to the ribosome during translation. tRNA binds amino acids with its anticodon. The anticodon is a sequence of 3 nucleotides that are complimentary to the codon of a specific amino acid. Anticodons can only bind to codons that are complementary in sequence; this ensures that the correct amino acids are chosen.
tRNA, or transfer RNA, is responsible for binding amino acids and delivering them to the ribosome during translation. tRNA binds amino acids with its anticodon. The anticodon is a sequence of 3 nucleotides that are complimentary to the codon of a specific amino acid. Anticodons can only bind to codons that are complementary in sequence; this ensures that the correct amino acids are chosen.
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What special bond is formed when two cysteine residues come together in a protein?
What special bond is formed when two cysteine residues come together in a protein?
Cysteine is an amino acid that contain a sulfhydryl group 
. When two sulfhydryl groups come together and get oxidized they form a 
bond, which is referred to as a disulfide bond or a disulfide bridge.
Cysteine is an amino acid that contain a sulfhydryl group
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Proteins are polymers of __________.
Proteins are polymers of __________.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids, which have an amino group, carboxyl group, and a side chain known as an R-group. Nucleotides make up DNA and RNA. Glucose is a carbohydrate monomer and make up starches, cellulose, and glycogen. Fatty acids are components of lipids.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids, which have an amino group, carboxyl group, and a side chain known as an R-group. Nucleotides make up DNA and RNA. Glucose is a carbohydrate monomer and make up starches, cellulose, and glycogen. Fatty acids are components of lipids.
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What is the one element that proteins have that carbohydrates and lipids do not have?
What is the one element that proteins have that carbohydrates and lipids do not have?
Amino acids, which make up proteins, have an amino group, which contains nitrogen. Carbohydrates and lipids contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but they do not contain nitrogen.
Amino acids, which make up proteins, have an amino group, which contains nitrogen. Carbohydrates and lipids contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but they do not contain nitrogen.
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Which of the following is not one of the four basic components of an amino acid?
Which of the following is not one of the four basic components of an amino acid?
A nitrogenous base is a part of the DNA/RNA structure. They include adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and/or uracil. All other answer choices are parts of amino acids.
A nitrogenous base is a part of the DNA/RNA structure. They include adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and/or uracil. All other answer choices are parts of amino acids.
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What type of chemical bonds are involved when codons bond to anticodons in translation?
What type of chemical bonds are involved when codons bond to anticodons in translation?
The bonding of a codon to its anticodon is accomplished through the use of hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds; therefore, amino acids are easily dissociated from their corresponding transfer RNA once delivered to the ribosome for translation. Hydrogen bonds are also responsible for connecting the bases of complementary strands of DNA which results in its double helix.
The bonding of a codon to its anticodon is accomplished through the use of hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds; therefore, amino acids are easily dissociated from their corresponding transfer RNA once delivered to the ribosome for translation. Hydrogen bonds are also responsible for connecting the bases of complementary strands of DNA which results in its double helix.
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A point mutation during translation would most likely incorporate which of the following amino acids?
A point mutation during translation would most likely incorporate which of the following amino acids?
The effect of a point mutation is not dependent on the amino acid—the amino acid's selection is entirely independent of its structure. The amino acid selection during translation depends only on the three base-pair codon read by the ribosome. For example, the start codon—AUG—recruits methionine. If a frameshift mutation lead to UGG as the codon instead, tryptophan would be recruited. No single amino acid is more likely to be incorporated after a point mutation.
The effect of a point mutation is not dependent on the amino acid—the amino acid's selection is entirely independent of its structure. The amino acid selection during translation depends only on the three base-pair codon read by the ribosome. For example, the start codon—AUG—recruits methionine. If a frameshift mutation lead to UGG as the codon instead, tryptophan would be recruited. No single amino acid is more likely to be incorporated after a point mutation.
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Which of the following is not found on the central carbon of every amino acid?
Which of the following is not found on the central carbon of every amino acid?
Every amino acid has a central carbon with an amino terminus and a carboxyl terminus. There is also a hydrogen attached to the central carbon. The last substituent varies between amino acids and determines how the particular amino acid will be used in proteins. This variable group is known as the "R-group." Only one amino acid, alanine, has a methyl group attached in the "R-group" position.
Every amino acid has a central carbon with an amino terminus and a carboxyl terminus. There is also a hydrogen attached to the central carbon. The last substituent varies between amino acids and determines how the particular amino acid will be used in proteins. This variable group is known as the "R-group." Only one amino acid, alanine, has a methyl group attached in the "R-group" position.
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Amino acids are coded for by three-base mRNA sequences called codons. Although there are 64 possible combinations of three bases, the body only contains 22 standard amino acids. What genetics concept explains this fact?
Amino acids are coded for by three-base mRNA sequences called codons. Although there are 64 possible combinations of three bases, the body only contains 22 standard amino acids. What genetics concept explains this fact?
The degeneracy of the genetic code is a major concept relating to protein synthesis. This concept states that each codon codes for a single amino acid, but that an amino acid can have more than one codon. If each three-base codon corresponded to a different amino acid, 64 amino acids would be produced in the body. Instead, most amino acids are coded for by multiple codons; for example, lysine corresponds to both AAA and AAG. This concept is especially important with regard to mutations. If an AAA codon undergoes a point mutation to become an AAG codon, the same amino acid will be produced, and the organism will be unharmed.
The degeneracy of the genetic code is a major concept relating to protein synthesis. This concept states that each codon codes for a single amino acid, but that an amino acid can have more than one codon. If each three-base codon corresponded to a different amino acid, 64 amino acids would be produced in the body. Instead, most amino acids are coded for by multiple codons; for example, lysine corresponds to both AAA and AAG. This concept is especially important with regard to mutations. If an AAA codon undergoes a point mutation to become an AAG codon, the same amino acid will be produced, and the organism will be unharmed.
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