I, II, and III

I, II and IV

II, III, IV, and V

II, IV, and V

I, III, and V

A species can occupy different trophic levels, depending on what it is eating; for example, an omnivore is a primary consumer when it eats plant leaves, but could be a secondary or tertiary consumer when it eats other animal species.

Food chains almost never have more than four or five trophic levels

Fluctuating population sizes at different trophic levels cause longer food chains to be less stable than shorter food chains

Producers always have the greatest biomass of any trophic level

A species can occupy different trophic levels, depending on what it is eating; for example, an omnivore is a primary consumer when it eats plant leaves, but could be a secondary or tertiary consumer when it eats other animal species.

Food chains almost never have more than four or five trophic levels

Fluctuating population sizes at different trophic levels cause longer food chains to be less stable than shorter food chains

Producers always have the greatest biomass of any trophic level

I, II, and III

I, II and IV

II, III, IV, and V

II, IV, and V

I, III, and V

Disease

Earthquakes

Floods

Hurricanes

Frost

Disease

Earthquakes

Floods

Hurricanes

Frost

Competitive exclusion

Ecological niche

Resource partitioning

Adaptation

Character displacement

Competitive exclusion

Ecological niche

Resource partitioning

Adaptation

Character displacement

Uniform

Clumped

Random dispersion

Demography

Emigration

Uniform

Clumped

Random dispersion

Demography

Emigration