After the Second Messenian War, most Messenians were enslaved by the Spartans and described collectively as _________________.

The terrain of ancient Greece did not lend itself well to farming and agricultural pursuits. The craggy mountains and stony land of most of the country was unfit for farming and made travel long and arduous. The land in the valleys, while fertile and more suited for farming, could not support a large population of a few million people and did not lead to a luxurious lifestyle. However, geography had an influence on political life. The mountains divided the country into different regions. There was no single form of government. The villages in the mountain valleys were small and independent. Ancient Greeks were extremely loyal to their own community. The ancient Greeks enjoyed a varied climate with temperatures at 48 degrees in the winter and 80 degrees in the summer. For the ancient world, this was a moderate climate conducive to an outdoor life. The outdoor events of the ancient Greeks influenced their world and world of the future.

The lifestyle and politics of the ancient Greeks were influenced by terrain and climate to the extent that it encouraged what activities that would have a future effect on Greece and the world?

The ancient Greek term “kleos” might most reasonably be translated as __________.

Ancient Greece was a collection of separate lands occupied by many cultures. One of these cultures were the Minoans. The Minoans were migrants from the Black Sea and Anatolia who settled on the island of Crete in the Aegean Sea. They flourished during the middle Bronze Age with a unique talent for art and architecture. Excavations at Knossos, Phaistos, Malia and Zakros revealed a sophisticated culture. Complex palace structures of two or three stories covering several thousand meters acted as centers for local administration, trade, religious events and political centers in these cities. It is not clear if the palaces had a connection to the governing structure of the civilization; however, it is obvious that the palaces were utilized for local control of the gathering and storage of resources such as wine, oil, grain, precious metals and ceramics. Notably missing in the Minoan civilization were fortified settlements. Unlike other civilizations, the Minoan cities and towns did not have protective walls. While this suggests a peaceful civilization, it should not be interpreted as a lack of ability to defend their cities and towns. Archeological findings of swords, daggers, defensive armor and helmets indicate that battles and wars may have been fought.

What is a logical explanation for the lack of clarity in the relationship of palaces and power structure of the Minoan civilization?